geo recourse management p2

• Surplus


  More than is needed of a particular resource in a particular area. E.g. it could be sold elsewhere.
• Deficit


  Where demand for a particular resource is higher than the availability in a particular area.
• Insecurity


  A lack of a resource or an inability to access or afford a reliable supply of a resource.
• Wellbeing


  The ability for a person to be healthy and happy e.g. as a result of access to a particular resource.
• Transfer


  The ability to move a resource from one area to another e.g. transferring water from an area of surplus to an area of deficit.
• How can access to a resource impact wellbeing?

  Social wellbeing: Food, Water, Energy

  Economic wellbeing: Food, Water, Energy
• Water transfer


  These address water shortages by constructing systems of canals or pipes, over long distances to transport water from an area of surplus to an area of deficit.
• Advantages of water transfer

  • Disadvantages of water transfer
• Reasons for changing demand for water in the UK

  • Increasing population - especially in the South East (an area of deficit)

  10 million new homes planned for the South East by 2035 so demand for water there will increase

  Increased demand for water e.g. through appliances such as dishwashers, pressure hoses etc.

  Water quality - due to pollution e.g. from nitrates (chemicals) used in farming a lot of our water is not useable domestically

  80% of water in Southern England is from groundwater but pollution affects 50% of ground water supplies

  If fracking takes off then huge shale deposits near London will decrease quality through pollution and increase demand due to large quantities required in extraction of gas
• Opportunities of local food sourcing

  • Challenges of local food sourcing
• Factors affecting energy supply

  • Variations in climate and geography affect potential for use of solar, wind, HEP, wave & tidal power

  The cost of building new energy infrastructure e.g. nuclear power stations, wind farms & solar powered technology is very high

  Wars and unstable governments in countries with large energy reserves e.g. the Middle East can affect their ability to export resources

  Climate Change from burning fossil fuels led to international agreements e.g. 'Paris 2016' to reduce CO2, so countries can't burn as many fossil fuels as they used to

  There is an unequal distribution of fossil fuels in the world so some countries have fewer resources & some resources are harder to access

  Fossil fuels are non renewable or finite so they will not last forever. Countries that rely on consumption or production of these will eventually lose energy security

  Areas at risk of natural disasters that can damage energy infrastructure may unwilling to risk developing some forms of energy e.g. nuclear power in Japan

  Some LICs have great potential for energy production but cannot afford to exploit them e.g. Niger has large uranium reserves

  The price of fossil fuels such as oil and gas can vary a great deal so countries who rely on these supplies may be unable to afford them at certain times

  The renewable energy sources in the world are becoming more difficult to reach and costlier to exploit e.g. shale gas

  Concerns over the safety of nuclear power and waste disposal have resulted in stricter regulations. So it has become more difficult to generate

  Only some countries are allowed to develop nuclear energy the international community is concerned about development of nuclear weapons
• Economic or environmental impacts of energy insecurity

  • As fossil fuels get used up, reserves in more difficult & environmentally sensitive areas are exploited e.g. oil reserves in the Arctic creating environmental damage

  Demand for cleaner & cheaper energy increases demand on growing biofuels but these take up land that could be used for food production

  Energy shortages & higher energy costs may lead factories to produce less or relocate (e.g. TNCs) to an area of energy surplus

  There is potential for conflict between countries e.g. Gas supplies from Russia to Ukraine & EU were disrupted due to political conflict
• Agribusiness


  Commercial farming on a large scale.
• Consumption


  Use of energy e.g. how much is consumed by a country.
• Energy mix


  The range of energy sources available to a region or country, both renewable and non-renewable.
• Fossil fuels


  Natural fuels such as coal, oil or gas, formed in the geological past from the remains of living organisms. These are finite – will run out and pollute when burnt.
• Organic produce


  Food which is grown free from chemicals such as fertilizer and pesticides.
• Conservation


  Careful management of resources (e.g. water) so that they do not run out or get damaged.
• Energy security


  Uninterrupted availability of energy sources at an affordable price.
• Supply


  The amount of a resource which is available for an area.
• Renewable


  Energy that can be used again and again – infinite resources e.g. wind, solar and hydro electric power.
• Demand reduction


  Reducing the amount of a resource that is needed by using less e.g. with water saving appliances.
• Fracking


  The extraction of shale gas from underground.
• Extraction


  Taking a resource out of the ground.
• Carbon footprint


  A measurement of all the greenhouse gases we individually produce e.g. through burning fossil fuels for electricity, transport etc, in tonnes (or kg) of C02 equivalent.
• Food miles


  The distance travelled by food in supplying customers.
• Biomass


  Renewable organic materials, e.g. wood, crops or waste, when used as a source of fuel or energy. It can be burned directly or processed into biofuels e.g. methane.
• Exploitation


  Developing and using energy resources to the greatest possible advantage, usually for profit.
• Water stress


  Areas where there is not enough supply to meet demand.
• Demand


  How much of a resource is needed in an area.
• Local food sourcing


  Food production and distribution that is local, rather than national and/or international. Therefore reducing food miles and carbon footprints.
• Non renewable


  Energy resources that are finite and will run out e.g. fossil fuels. They are also highly polluting.
• Reserves


  The amount of a resource stored (e.g. in the ground) that is available to use in future.
• Sustainable


  Things which do not harm the environment and or the success of future generations.
• Geothermal


  Energy from underground e.g. volcanic heat.
• Nuclear power


  Energy released by nuclear reaction, using fuel made uranium. It is non-renewable.
• Finite


  Something that will eventually run out.
• Distribution of malnourishment: Areas of greatest population growth have highest levels of undernourishment.
• Distribution of water scarcity: Demand depends on changing diets and increasing population. Supply depends on climate, soil and level of technology.
• Global Calorie Intake: Av. UK calorie consumption is 3200 calories a day. Av. calorie consumption in Mali is 2590 calories a day.