Unit 2

• arithmetic density


  Number of people per unit of area
• Agricultural density


  Number of farmers per unit of arable land
• Natural increase rate


  Rate of human population growth
• CBR


  Number of births per 1000 people over the course of a year
• CDR


  Number of deaths per 1000 people over the course of a year
• Total fertility rate


  Average number of babies born per woman in a country
• Above 2.1 total fertility rate means population grows, below 2.1 means population shrinks
• Age structure diagram


  • Population pyramids that are useful for analyzing age structure, visualizing sex ratio, predicting population change, estimating life expectancy
• Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

  1. Stage 1: Birth & death rate fluctuate, natural increase rate is low, just trying to meet basic needs

  2. Stage 2: CBR remains high, COR lowers, increasing natural increase rate. Medical advancements, improvements in agriculture, increased rates of immigration to urban areas for job opportunities. BABY BOOMER

  3. Stage 3: CBR & CDR decrease, natural increase rate increases. Less exponential population growth - no space for larger families when life expectancy increases, women get more rights, more secondary/tertiary jobs, less people emigrate to explore existing economic opportunities

  4. Stage 4: Low COR/COR, natural increase rate starts to flatten. More economic opportunities for women, more tertiary jobs. No population growth can occur, cost of living decreases, decreasing total fertility rate

  5. Stage 5: CBR goes below the COR causing natural increase rate to decrease
• Epidemiological Transition Model


  • Stage 1: Pestilence, famine, & death
  • Stage 2: Less deaths & receding pandemics
  • Stage 3: Degenerative diseases (gets worse over time)
  • Stage 4: Fighting degenerative diseases
  • Stage 5: Reemergence of infectious disease (evolution of disease, if poverty rates/urbanization)
• Malthusian Theory believed that population grows exponentially and food is linear. Also thought that the population needed to decrease or would lead to mass starvation.
• Pronatalism


  Policies in support of raising birth rates, countries with a low CBR and an inverse pyramid population pyramid. E.g. money incentives, free schooling
• Antinatalism


  Policies in support of lowering birth rates. Countries in stage 2/3 of DTM, transitioning pyramid. E.g. campaign posters, one child policy
• Ecumene- The permanently inhabited portion of the earths surface
• Physiological Density- number of people per unit of arable land