Bonding, structure, and the properties of matter

• What is everything made up of? Matter
• What are the three states of matter? [3] - Solid - Liquid - Gas
• What is the name of the simple model that describes the three states of matter? Particle Model
• How are the particles represented in the particle model? As small solid spheres.
• What are the particles like in solids? [3] - Regular arrangement - Very close together - Vibrate about fixed positions
• What are the particles like in liquids? [3] - Random arrangement - Close together - Flow around each other
• What are the particles like in gases? [3] - Random arrangement - Much further apart - Move very quickly in all directions
• When a substance changes state, what happens? [3] - The particles themselves stay the same - The way the particles are arranged changes - The way the particles move changes
• What will happen to a pure substance? [2] - Melt and freeze at one specific temperature - the melting point - Boil and condense at one specific temperature - the boiling point
• The amount of energy required for a substance to change state depends on what? Depends on the amount of energy required to overcome the forces of attraction between the particles.
• What happens if the more stronger the forces of attraction are? [2] - The greater the amount of energy needed to overcome them - The higher the melting and boiling point
• What type of substances have a high melting point due to strong bonds? [3] - Ionic compounds - Metals - Giant Covalent Structures
• What are the properties of substances that contain small molecules? [Covalent] [3] - Bonds within the molecules are strong covalent bonds - Intermolecular forces between the molecules are much weaker - Little energy is needed to overcome the intermolecular forces between the molecules
• What can the melting and boiling point of a substance be used to identify? The melting point and boiling point of a substance can be used to identify its state at a given temperature.
• What are chemical equations used for? Chemical equations are used to sum up what happens in reactions.
• What do state symbols show? State symbols show the state of each substance involved.
• What is (S)? Solid
• What is (l) Liquid
• What is (g) Gas
• What is (aq)? Aqueous (dissolved in water)
• What happens when solid magnesium ribbon is added to an aqueous solution of hydrochloric acid? [3] - A chemical reaction takes place - A solution of magnesium chloride is produced - Hydrogen gas is produced
• What are the three types of chemical bonds? [3] - Ionic bonds - Covalent bonds - Metallic bonds
• What are ions? Atoms that have gained or lost electrons
• Where do ionic bonds occur? They occur between positive and negative ions
• What is the outer shell configuration of ions? They have a complete outer shell.
• What does Ionic bonding involve? A transfer of electrons from metal atoms to non-metal atoms.
• What happens to metal atoms in ionic bonding? Metal atoms lose electrons to become positively charged ions.
• What happens to non-metals atoms in Ionic bonding? The non-metal atoms gain electrons to become negatively charged ions.
• What does the ionic bond have a strong electrostatic force of attraction to? To the positive metal ion and the negative non-metal ion.
• What is an ionic bond? An ionic bond is the attraction between oppositely charged ions.
• Why do ionic compounds have a high melting and boiling point? Because ionic bonds are very strong and it requires lots of energy to overcome them.
• What are Giant Ionic Lattice? Giant structures of ions.
• How are the giant structures of ions held together They are held together by strong forces of attraction that act in all directions between oppositely charged ions.
• What are the properties of ionic compounds? [3] - High melting and boiling points - Do not conduct electricity when solid - Conduct electricity when molten or in solution
• What is a covalent bond? A covalent bond is a shared pair of electrons between atoms.
• Where do covalent bonds occur? [2] - Non-metallic elements, e.g oxygen, O2 - Compounds of non-metals, e.g. sulfur dioxide, SO2.
• What has a chlorine atom with seven electrons in its outer shell have to do to bond another chlorine atom? [3] - An electron from each atom is shared - This gives each chlorine atom eight electrons in the outer shell - Each atom now has a complete outer shell
• How can covalent bonds in molecules be shown? Dots and cross diagrams
• What are some of the properities of covalent bonds? [3] - Very strong - Some covalently bonded substances consist of small molecules - Others have giant covalent structures
• Do covalent bonds happen between non-metals or metals? Non-metals