ANS

• ❑ Body’s command center.

  ❑ Controls the functions of the human body.

  ❑ Analyze incoming stimuli

  ❑ Integrates internal and external responses.

  NERVOUS SYSTEM
• ❑ Nerve Cells

  ❑ Structural unit of the nervous system.

  ❑ It allows the movement of various sensations, response to internal and external stimuli, and learning, thinking, and emotion

  NEURON
• • PARTS OF THE NEURON

  Soma

  Dendrites

  Axon

  Axon Terminal/Terminal Button
• • Chemical secreted that either excites or inhibits the receiving cell.
  • It helps to determine whether an action potential occurs in its axon.

  NEUROTRANSMITTER
• • Acetylcholine
  • Norepinephrine/ Epinephrine (Noradrenaline/ Adrenaline)
  • Dopamine
  • Serotonin
  • GABA – Gamma Aminobutyric Acid

  EXAMPLES OF NEUROTRANSMITTERS
• • Brain
  • Spinal Cord
  • Cranial Nerves

  CNS
• Parasympathetic - Rest and Digest
• Sympathetic - Fight or Flight
• Sensory Nerves - Afferent Neurons

  Somatic Nerves - Efferent Neurons
• • Visceral Nervous System
  • Involuntary Response
  • Cardiac and Smooth Muscles
  • Glandular Secretions
  • It regulates and integrates the body’s internal functions

  AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
• Main Nerve Centers - Hypothalamus, Medulla, Spinal Cord
• • Energy Producing
  • Respond to stress
  • Thoraco-Lumbar

  SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
• Alpha 1 - stimulator norepinephrine/epinephrine
• Alpha 2 - inhibitory modulate/control if there ⇧levels of norepinephrine/epinephrine, it also prevent overstimulation of effector sites
• Beta 1 - stimulator found in cardiac tissues
• Beta 2 - inhibitory found in the smooth muscles
• Preganglionic Fibers (short) - ACh

  Postganglionic Fibers (long) - Noreph/Epineph

  SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
• Preganglionic Fibers (long) - ACh

  Postganglionic Fibers (short) - ACh

  PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
• 4 Kinds of Cholinergic

  • All preganglionic - both Symp & Parasymp
  • Postganglionic - Parasymp
  • Motor Nerves on Skeletal Muscles
  • Cholinergic nerves on CNS
• Nicotinic Receptors

  • CNS
  • Adrenal Medulla
  • Autonomic Ganglia
  • NMJ
• Muscarinic Receptors

  • GIT
  • Urinary Bladder
  • Heart
  • Sweat Glands
  • Some vascular SM
• A1 & B1 - stimulator

  A2 & B2 - inhibitor
• • Mimics the effects of the sympathetic nervous system.
  • Stimulation of adrenergic receptor site

  SYMPATHOMIMETIC (ADRENERGIC AGONIST)
• • Drugs stimulate all of the adrenergic receptors.
  • Affects both the alpha and beta receptors.

  ALPHA (α) and BETA (β) ADRENERGIC AGONISTS
• • synthetic catecholamine
  • heart failure
  • 2.5 to 10mcg

  Dobutamine
• • natural catecholamine
  • shock
  • 5 to 10 mcg
  • 20 to 50 mcg

  Dopamine
• • shock
  • chronic asthma
  • allergic rhinitis

  Ephedrine
• • shock
  • 0.5 to 1.0 mg
  • 0.3 to 0.5 mg (RD)

  Epinephrine
• • natural catecholamine
  • shock

  Norepinephrine
• • drugs that binds primarily to alpha-receptor

  ALPHA (α) SPECIFIC ADRENERGIC AGONISTS
• • allergic rhinitis
  • paroxysmal SV TV
  • otitis media
  • shock

  Phenylephrine
• • orthostatic hypotension

  Midodrine
• • hypertension
  • chronic pain
  • stimulates CNS alpha2 receptors

  Clonidine
• • Drugs that manage and treat bronchial spasms, asthma, and other obstructive pulmonary conditions.

  BETA (β) SPECIFIC ADRENERGIC AGONISTS
• • Stimulates all beta adrenergic receptor

  Isoproterenol
• Albuterol - bronchospasm

  Arformoterol - LT, copd

  Formoterol - LT, asthma (5 and older)

  Salmeterol - bronchial asthma

  Beta Specific Adrenergic Agonists
• • Drugs that lyse or blocks the effects of the sympathetic nervous system

  SYMPATHOLYTIC (ADRENERGIC ANTAGONISTS)
• • Nonselective Adrenergic Blocking Agents
  • Nonselective Alpha-Adrenergic Blocking Agents
  • Alpha Selective Adrenergic Blocking Agents
  • Nonselective Beta-Adrenergic Blocking Agents
  • Beta Selective Adrenergic Blocking Agent

  SYMPATHOLYTIC (ADRENERGIC ANTAGONISTS)
• • Drugs that block both alpha and beta adrenergic receptors

  NON-SELECTIVE ADRENERGIC ANTAGONISTS
• • life-threatening ventricular arrythmias
  • 1000mg 24h

  Amiodarone