B3b

• What is the purpose of vaccination?

  To prevent illness by stimulating antibodies
• How do vaccinations help the body respond to pathogens?

  They stimulate white blood cells to produce antibodies
• What happens when the same pathogen re-enters the body after vaccination?

  White blood cells produce antibodies quickly
• How does immunization of a large population affect pathogen spread?

  It reduces the spread of pathogens significantly
• What is a double blind trial?

  Patients and scientists don't know treatment groups
• What is the purpose of a placebo in trials?

  To serve as a control without active ingredients
• What does efficacy refer to in drug testing?

  Ensuring the drug works effectively
• What does toxicity check in drug testing?

  That the drug is not poisonous
• What is meant by 'dose' in medication?

  The most suitable amount to take
• What do antibiotics do?

  Kill infective bacteria inside the body
• How do painkillers differ from antibiotics?

  Painkillers treat symptoms, not pathogens
• What is preclinical testing?

  Laboratory testing using cells and animals
• What are the stages of clinical trials?

  1. Healthy volunteers test a small dose
  2. Small number of patients test a low dose
  3. Larger patient trials with different doses
  4. Double blind trial with drug and placebo groups
• What is digitalis used for?

  As a heart drug extracted from foxglove
• What is aspirin used for?

  As a painkiller and anti-inflammatory
• Who discovered penicillin?

  Alexander Fleming
• Why can't antibiotics treat viral infections?

  Viruses are inside body cells, hard to target
• What causes cancer?

  Changes in cells leading to uncontrolled growth
• What are benign tumors?

  Growths of abnormal cells contained in one area
• How do malignant tumors differ from benign tumors?

  Malignant tumors invade tissues and spread
• What are risk factors?

  Factors that increase the chance of disease
• What is a causal mechanism?

  A proven link between risk factors and disease
• What can asbestos fibers cause?

  Diseases and cancer later in life
• How does air pollution affect health?

  It increases the risk of various diseases
• What are the effects of smoking?

  Increases risk of lung cancer and diseases
• How does alcohol affect the body?

  Causes liver disease and brain function damage
• What are carcinogens?

  Substances that increase cancer risk
• How does obesity relate to diabetes?

  It is a risk factor for Type 2 diabetes
• What is the BRCA gene linked to?

  Increased risk of breast and ovarian cancer
• What are the human impacts of risk factors?

  • Affect quality of life and life expectancy
  • Impact on families and close relationships
  • Financial burden on healthcare systems
• How do risk factors affect local and national health?

  • Local choices influence disease incidence
  • National trends show higher disease rates in deprived areas
  • Global differences in disease prevalence based on wealth