CB5 and CB6

• Health


  The world health organisation sates health as a state of physical, social and mental well-being
• Disease


  A problem with the structure or process in the body that is not a result of an injury
• Non-communicable diseases


  Not caused by a pathogen and cannot be spread between people

  e.g. malnutrion caused by lifestyle choices
• Communicable diseases


  Can spread between people and spread by pathogens

  E.g. HIV
• Four types of pathogens

  1. Virus
  2. Bacteria
  3. Protists
  4. Fungi
• Pathogen


  a microorganism that causes disease
• How to calculate BMI?


  Mass (kg) / height^2 (m)
• How does smoking cause damage to blood vessels?

  1. Substances from tobacco smoke damage artery lining
  2. Fat builds in artery wall making the artery smaller
  3. A blood clot may block the artery or block it
  4. Causes heart attack of stroke
• Risks that increase risk of cardiovascular disease

  1. High blood pressure
  2. Smoking
  3. Obesity
• How to treat heart disease?

  1. Life-long medication: Statins which reduce cholesterol
  2. Surgical procedures: Stent which are tubes inserted in arteries to keep them open
  3. Lifestyle changes: Regular exercise
• Protists


  -Eukaryotic cells

  -Live in or on an organism and cause them damage

  E.g. malaria
• Fungi


  -Produce spores that can spread to other parts of the organism

  E.g. Chalara Ash Dieback disease
• Virus


  -Living organism that replicate rapidly by inserting their DNA into genes of other organism

  E.g. HIV
• Bacteria


  -Produce toxins that damage your cells

  e.g. Cholera
• How do pathogens spread?

  1. Bodily fluids
  2. Airborne
  3. Direct contact
  4. Vectors
  5. Contaminated food/water
• People


  Pasteur- vaccinations

  Lister- isolating infected individuals

  Nightgale- improving hygiene practices
• Immune system


  Defends you against pathogens and toxins
• Physical barriers


  The skin, block the entrance
• Chemical barriers


  E.g. enzyme lysozyme

  -Inactivate the pathogen or kill it
• Human defence system

  1. Non-specific= defends against all
  2. Specific= defend against certain pathogens
• Lymphocytes


  Anti-bodies that destroy specific pathogens by binding to them causing them to burst
• Lymphocytes


  Anti-toxins neutralise toxins made by pathogens by counteracting it
• How do vaccinations work?

  1. Small amount of dead pathogen is injected into the body
  2. Pathogen has antigen on surface
  3. WBC detect it the antigens
  4. WBC produce anti-bodies which destroy pathogens
  5. Memory WBC are produced
  6. Prevents re-infection
• Stages of vaccines going to be given out


  Pre-clinical stages:

  -Testing is done on animals and cells, treated with vaccine

  -Exposed to virus to check efficiency
• Stages of vaccinations going to be given out

  1. Gather healthy volunteers and do more tests
  2. Small number of people are given vaccine
  3. More people are tested of a greater diversity
  4. Half are given vaccine other are given a placebo
• Double-blind trial


  -Where doctor doesn't know who has placebo either because doctor might want the drug to go through
• Anti-bodies


  Substances that kill or destroy bacteria
• Enzymes


  -Biological catalysts

  ~Speed up processes
• Proteins


  Broken down by proteases

  -Long chain of amino acids forming a protein molecule
• Starch


  Broken down by amylase

  -Long chain of glucose forming starch molecule
• Lipids


  Broken down by lipases

  -Break down into two smaller groups: Glycerol and fatty acids chain
• Denatured


  Enzyme has been irreversibly damaged and changed shape
• Lock and Key theory

  1. Substrate will randomly collide with active-site of enzyme
  2. The active-site is complementary to the shape of the enzyme
  3. Now they are called the enzyme-substrate complex
  4. The enzyme will catalyse the reaction
  5. The products no longer fit in the active-site and are released
• Reactant


  The molecule that binds to and reacts with the enzyme
• How temperature affects enzymes?


  If it becomes to high the active-site shape will change and become denatured
• Rate of reaction


  Amount of reaction/ time
• Rate of reaction


  1/ time
• Photosynthesis


  Carbon dioxide + water ----> glucose + water
• Photosynthesis


  -Endothermic reaction
• A limiting factor


  Something that prevents the rate of the reaction