CNS

• • Forebrain
  • Midbrain
  • Hindbrain

  Brain
• • 2 Hemispheres

  Cerebral Cortex
• Lobes of the Brain

  • Frontal
  • Parietal
  • Temporal
  • Occipital
• Midbrain

  • Thalamus
  • Hypothalamus
  • Limbic System
• Hindbrain

  • Pons
  • Medulla Oblongata
  • Cerebellum
• • Sensory
  • Motor

  Cranial Nerves
• Sensory - Sight, Hearing, Smell, Taste, Balance
• Motor - Head and Neck Movement
• Spinal Cord

  • Dorsal
  • Ventral
• • Defense system of the brain
  • It keeps toxin, proteins, and other large structures out of the brain.
  • It prevents contact with sensitive and fragile neurons

  Blood Brain Barrier
• • Blood supply of the brain
  • It protects the neurons from lack of oxygen and glucose supply.
  • 2 Arteries

  Circle of Willis
• Carotids - Front

  Vertebrals - back (forms the Basilar Artery)
• Functions of the Central Nervous System

  • Sensory Functions
  • Motor Functions
  • Intellectual and Emotional Functions
• ANXIOLYTIC DRUGS

  • Barbiturates
  • Benzodiazepines
  • Non-Benzodiazepines
• ANTI-DEPRESSANTS DRUGS

  • Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCA)
  • Mono Amine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOI)
  • Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRI)
• ANTI-PSYCHOTIC DRUGS

  • Typical Antipsychotic Drugs
  • Atypical Antipsychotic Drugs
• ANTI-SEIZURE DRUGS

  • Hydantoins
  • Barbiturates
  • Benzodiapines
  • Succinimides
  • Valproate or Valproic Acid
  • Other Anti-seizure Drugs
• ANTI-PARKINSON’S DRUGS

  • Dopaminergic Drugs
  • Anticholinergic Drugs
• Anxiety - It is an unpleasant feeling of tension, fear, or nervousness in response to an environmental stimulus, whether real or imaginary.
• Sweating

  Increased Heart Rate

  Rapid Breathing

  Elevated Blood Pressure

  SIGNS & SYMPTOMS OF ANXIETY
• LEVELS OF ANXIETY

  • Mild
  • Moderate
  • Severe
  • Panic
• Mild Anxiety - normal body response, it helps an individual for a wider perspective and focus on certain activities
• Moderate Anxiety

  • restlessness and increased sympathetic stress reaction.
  • need drug treatment
• Severe Anxiety - perceptual field is greatly reduced and focus on particular or scattered details
• Panic Anxiety - most extreme form. markedly disturbed behavior
• SEDATION

  • Loss of awareness and reaction to environmental stimuli.
  • Lead to drowsiness.
  • Intended for patients who are restless, nervous, irritable, or overreacting to a stimuli
• SEDATIVES - drugs that depress the CNS and produces a loss of awareness of and reaction to the environment.
• HYPNOSIS

  • Extreme sedation – CNS Depression and Sleep
  • No longer sense or react to a stimuli
• HYPNOTICS - help people fall asleep by causing sedation, it also acts on the reticular activating system (RAS) and block the brain’s response to incoming stimuli.
• Anxiolytic Drugs - to enhance the effect of GABA (Gamma Amino Butyric Acid) – inhibitory neurotransmitter to decrease impulses in the synapses of the brain.
• • ANXIOLYTICS-HYPNOTICS
  • The drug of choice to manage anxiety but the depressant effect may cause severe respiratory depression.

  Barbiturates
• • To enhance the effect of GABA (Gamma Amino Butyric Acid). To cause inhibition of impulse transmission.

  Benzodiapines
• • Other drugs used for anxiety that do not fall under Benzodiapines or Barbiturates group.
  • Treats anxiety or produce hypnosis.

  Non-Benzodiapines
• Depression - It is an affective disorder – severe sadness as an expected response to a stressors
• SIGNS & SYMPTOMS OF DEPRESSION

  • Sleep disturbances
  • Minimal energy
  • Inability to perform daily activity
  • Sadness
  • Despair
  • Hopelessness
  • Disorganization
• BIOGENIC AMINE THEORY - Depression occurs due to decreasing neurotransmitters – NOREPINEPHRINE, SEROTONIN, and DOPAMINE
• • Inhibit the enzyme Mono Amine Oxidase (MAO)
  • Inhibit Reuptake of Neurotransmitters

  Anti-Depressant Drugs
• TRICYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANTS (TCA) - Inhibit presynaptic reuptake of neurotransmitter – norepinephrine, and serotonin:
• MONO AMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS (MAOI) - To inactivate the enzyme MAO to increase the neurotransmitters in the synapse.
• SELECTIVE SEROTONIN REUPTAKE INHIBITOR (SSRI) - Block the reuptake of serotonin with little or no effect on Norepinephrine.