P.E 2

• Muscles


  Can only contract and pull, joints have two (or more) muscles working opposite each other
• Antagonistic muscle action


  One muscle contracts, the other muscle relaxes
• Prime mover/agonist


  The muscle that contracts to cause the movement
• Antagonist


  The muscle that relaxes to allow the movement to happen
• Origin


  Where the muscle joins the stationary bone
• Insertion


  Where the muscle joins the moving bone
• When a muscle contracts


  The insertion moves towards the origin
• Upwards phase


  1. Muscle group: Quadriceps (agonist)

  2. Type of contraction: Shorten (concentric)

  3. Movement: Extension at knee (hinge joint)

  4. The muscle is contracting and shortening under tension
• Downward phase


  1. Muscle group: Quadriceps (agonist)

  2. Type of contraction: lengthening (eccentric)

  3. Movement: flexion at knee (hinge joint)

  4. Muscles contract force of gravity – eccentric to earth
• Drive phase of running

  1. Foot is in contact with the ground & the athlete pushes off the floor

  2. The knee straightens = extension. This movement is controlled by a concentric contraction of the quadriceps muscle

  3. The hip extends – controlled by a concentric contraction of the gluteal muscles

  4. There is plantar flexion at the ankle- caused by a concentric contraction of the gastrocnemius muscle
• Plane


  An imaginary line that movement direction occurs in
• Types of planes


  • Sagittal
  • Frontal
  • Transverse
• Axis


  Straight line that an object rotates around
• Types of axes


  • Transverse
  • Sagittal
  • Longitudinal
• Transverse Axis


  • Passes horizontally from left to right through the middle of the body
  • Movements in the sagittal plane – forwards and backwards
  • Flexion and extension moves
• Sagittal Axis


  • Passes horizontally from front to back. Point of rotation is belly button spin around that point
  • Cartwheel around the axis
  • Side bending
• Longitudinal Axis


  • Goes from top to bottom, vertically. Longest point – rotate
  • Movements in the transverse plane
  • Twisting around the axis
• Transverse Plane


  • Divides the body into left and right parts. Forwards and backwards movements.
  • Allows flexion & extension
  • Sporting example: Running, Walking , Squat, Bicep curl
• Frontal Plane


  • Divides the body into front and back parts. Side to side movements.
  • Allows abduction and adduction movements
  • Sporting example: GK Saving a goal, Cartwheel movement , Forehand serve in tennis, Lateral raises
• Transverse Plane


  • Divides the body into top and bottom parts.
  • Allows rotation, twisting some extension, flexion dependent on movement
  • Sporting example: Handstand , Gymnast, Discus
• Bicep Curl


  1. In the upwards phase the radius and ulna get closer to the humerus as flexion occurs. This decreases the joint angle at the elbow.

  2. In the downwards phase the radius and the ulna get further from the humerus as extension occurs, increasing the angle at the elbow joint.
• Lateral Raises


  In the upward phase the humerus moves further from the midline as abduction occurs at the shoulder joint. In the downward phase the humerus moves closer to the midline as adduction occurs at the shoulder joints.
• Discus


  In the backwards swing Humerus moves further from the midline of the body whilst being parallel to the floor – horizontal extension occurs at shoulder joint. In the forwards swing, the Humerus moves closer to the midline of the body whilst being parallel to the floor – horizontal flexion occurs at shoulder joint.
• Long Jump


  1. Agonist in flexion: Hamstring (knee)

  2. Agonist in Extension: Quadriceps (knee)

  3. Planter flexion ( foot straight) - gastrocnemius ( agonist in ankle joint )

  4. Dorsi flexion - toes towards shin bone - tibialis anterior ( ankle)
• Shoulder Flexion


  Moving whole arm forwards/up. Agonist = deltoid
• Shoulder Extension


  Moving the whole arm backwards/down. Agonist = latissimus dorsi
• Lever


  A rigid bar (usually a bone) that rotates around a FULCRUM to apply a Force to a LOAD
• First Class Lever


  • Examples: Rowing a boat, Tilting your head back, Triceps Extension
  • Mechanical advantage: Increases speed / distance, Provides a wider range of movement
  • Mechanical disadvantage: Greater force required than the load to be moved
• Second Class Lever


  • Example: Jumping, the gastrocnemius (E) provides the effort for us to push off from the ball of the foot (F) lifting the body weight (L) into the air
  • ANKLE is always second-class lever
• Third Class Lever


  • Example: Bicep curl, the biceps provide the effort to cause flexion at the elbow (F) lifting the barbell (L)
  • Mechanical advantage: The benefit to a lever system of having either a short effort arm – giving rapid movement over a large range or a short resistance arm, giving the advantage of being able to move a heavy weight
• First Class Lever Mechanical Advantage: Allows for over to me a large load with a small effort to achieve a higher propulsion through the water.
• Second Class Lever Mechanical Advantage: Allows the nebula to me large load with small effort to reach higher when defending.
• Third Class Lever Mechanical Disadvantage: There is a large range of movement so you can only move a small load.