Case Studies

• Used to describe in-depth investigations of a particular aspect of society. A case study usually represents a typical example on the basis of generalisations. They also use atypical to show a particular form of social behaviour.
• Atypical - not ordinary
• Typical - ordinary
• Advantages - Case studies are able to deal with complex social situations and the researcher is able to tailor their approach for their challenges with social relationships and complex social processes. Using a mixture of methods allows for the triangulation of data (Methodological pluralism). It is an in-depth study of the real world which increases the validity of the findings. They are the development of grounded theories. 
• Disadvantages - It may not be possible to generalise the case study which leads to their research being challenged by other sociologists. Case studies are low in reliability. Researchers may come across many ethical issues, especially if they have put in a lot of time to be accepted by participant observers.
• Disadvantages - The data collected may not be normal behaviour from the people being observed as they might change how they act because of the observer effect. It is difficult to gain the access required for the case studies approach, for example going into a school, hospital or prison could be difficult as those organisations would be reluctant because the researcher may be able to gain access to sensitive information.