CHEM

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    • The model of atoms change quite a lot over time
    • Rutherford
      • Discovered the nucleus and protons
    • Chadwick
      • Discovered neutrons
    • Bohr
      • Developed our current model of the atom
    • Atom structure
      Electrons on the shells around the outside, protons in the middle, neutrons in the middle, the nucleus is the middle part
    • Protons
      Mass of 1, charge of +1, in the nucleus
    • Neutrons
      Mass of 1, charge of 0, in the nucleus
    • Electrons
      Mass of 1/2000, charge of -1, in the outer shells
    • Periodic Table
      Boxes with the element's name, symbol, atomic number, and mass number
    • Atomic number

      Number of protons and electrons in an atom
    • Mass number

      Number of protons plus neutrons
    • Isotopes
      Atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons
    • Chlorine has a mass of 35.5 due to the relative abundance of the two main isotopes, chlorine-35 and chlorine-37
    • Element
      A single type of atom
    • Compound
      Two or more elements that are chemically bonded together
    • The first attempt at a Periodic Table was by Newlands in the 1800s, but it had flaws
    • Mendeleev developed the Periodic Table by arranging elements by mass and leaving gaps for undiscovered elements, which were later filled
    • Groups
      Go down the Periodic Table, indicate the number of electrons in the outer shell
    • Periods
      Go across the Periodic Table, indicate the number of electron shells
    • Determining electronic configuration
      Count the number of electrons, determine the group and period, draw the shells with the correct number of electrons
    • Metals
      Lose electrons, form positive ions
    • Non-metals
      Gain electrons, form negative ions
    • Ionic bonding
      Transfer of electrons from a metal to a non-metal
    • Ionic compounds
      • Magnesium oxide
      • Sodium chloride
    • Properties of ionic compounds
      • High melting and boiling points, only conduct when molten or dissolved
    • Covalent bonding
      Sharing of electrons between two non-metals
    • Properties of simple covalent compounds
      • Low melting and boiling points, generally gases or liquids at room temperature, do not conduct electricity
    • Properties of giant covalent compounds
      • High melting and boiling points, do not conduct or dissolve
    • Giant covalent compounds
      • Diamond
      • Graphite
    • Diamond
      • Made of pure carbon, each carbon bonded to 4 others, incredibly hard
    • Graphite
      • Made of pure carbon, each carbon bonded to 3 others, soft and conducts electricity
    • Diamond
      • Giant covalent compound
      • Made of pure carbon
      • Each carbon makes four bonds
    • Properties of diamond
      • Incredibly hard
      • Rare
      • Beautiful and precious
    • Graphite
      • Giant covalent compound
      • Made of pure carbon
      • Each carbon makes three bonds
    • Properties of graphite
      • Soft
      • Conducts electricity
    • Graphene is a single sheet of graphite
    • Fullerenes
      • Carbon nanotubules or Buckminster fullerenes
      • Made of pure carbon
      • Make three carbon-carbon bonds
      • Incredibly hard
    • Uses of fullerenes
      • Lubricant
      • Reinforcement (e.g. in aircraft, bicycles)
      • Drug delivery
    • Polymers with cross-links
      • Very fixed in place
      • Burn upon heating
    • Polymers without cross-links
      • Can slide across each other
      • Melt upon heating
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