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Paper 1
CHEM
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The model of
atoms
change quite a lot over time
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Rutherford
Discovered the
nucleus
and
protons
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Chadwick
Discovered
neutrons
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Bohr
Developed our
current
model of the atom
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Atom structure
Electrons
on the shells around the outside,
protons
in the middle, neutrons in the middle, the nucleus is the middle part
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Protons
Mass of 1,
charge
of +1, in the
nucleus
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Neutrons
Mass of 1,
charge
of 0, in the
nucleus
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Electrons
Mass of
1/2000
, charge of -1, in the
outer
shells
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Periodic Table
Boxes with the element's name, symbol,
atomic
number, and
mass
number
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Atomic
number
Number of
protons
and
electrons
in an atom
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Mass
number
Number of
protons
plus
neutrons
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Isotopes
Atoms with the same number of
protons
but different numbers of
neutrons
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Chlorine has a mass of
35.5
due to the relative abundance of the two main isotopes, chlorine-35 and
chlorine-37
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Element
A
single
type of atom
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Compound
Two or more elements that are
chemically
bonded together
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The first attempt at a Periodic Table was by
Newlands
in the 1800s, but it had
flaws
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Mendeleev
developed the
Periodic Table
by arranging elements by mass and leaving gaps for undiscovered elements, which were later filled
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Groups
Go down the
Periodic Table
, indicate the number of
electrons
in the outer shell
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Periods
Go across the
Periodic Table
, indicate the number of
electron shells
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Determining electronic configuration
Count the number of
electrons
, determine the group and period, draw the shells with the correct number of
electrons
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Metals
Lose electrons, form
positive
ions
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Non-metals
Gain
electrons, form
negative
ions
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Ionic bonding
Transfer of
electrons
from a
metal
to a non-metal
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Ionic compounds
Magnesium oxide
Sodium chloride
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Properties of ionic compounds
High melting and boiling points, only conduct when
molten
or
dissolved
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Covalent bonding
Sharing of electrons between two
non-metals
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Properties of simple covalent compounds
Low melting and boiling points, generally gases or
liquids
at room temperature, do not conduct
electricity
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Properties of giant covalent compounds
High
melting and boiling points, do not conduct or
dissolve
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Giant covalent compounds
Diamond
Graphite
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Diamond
Made of
pure
carbon, each carbon bonded to
4
others, incredibly hard
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Graphite
Made of pure carbon, each
carbon
bonded to 3 others, soft and conducts
electricity
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Diamond
Giant
covalent compound
Made of
pure
carbon
Each carbon makes
four
bonds
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Properties of diamond
Incredibly
hard
Rare
Beautiful
and
precious
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Graphite
Giant
covalent compound
Made of
pure
carbon
Each carbon makes
three
bonds
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Properties of graphite
Soft
Conducts
electricity
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Graphene
is a
single
sheet of graphite
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Fullerenes
Carbon nanotubules
or
Buckminster
fullerenes
Made of
pure
carbon
Make
three
carbon-carbon bonds
Incredibly
hard
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Uses of fullerenes
Lubricant
Reinforcement
(e.g. in aircraft, bicycles)
Drug
delivery
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Polymers with
cross-links
Very
fixed
in place
Burn upon
heating
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Polymers without
cross-links
Can
slide
across each other
Melt upon
heating
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