Natural Hazards: Mitigation and Adaptation

• It is a natural process and event that is a potential threat to human life and property

  Natural Hazard
• It is a hazardous event that occurs over a limited time span in a defined area

  Disaster
• It is a massive disaster that requires significant expenditure of money and a long time of recovery to take place

  Catastrophe
• It is a collective term used to describe the complex interactions between the component sub-cycles of tectonic, rock, hydrologic, and biogeochemical cycles

  Geological Cycle
• It involves the creation, movement, and destruction of tectonic plates

  Tectonic Cycle
• It is the largest of the geologic sub-cycles, and is linked to other sub-cylces

  Rock cycle
• It is the movement of water from the oceans to the atmosphere and back again to the oceans

  Hydrologic Cycle
• It is the transfer or cycling of a chemical element or elements through the atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere

  Biogeochemical Cycle
• It is a natural geologic event that can endanger human lives and threaten human property

  Geological Hazard
• It is the trembling of the Earth's surface that occurs when the energy in the form of strain in rock layers is released.

  Earthquake
• It is a place on the surface of the earth above where the ruptured rocks broke up to produce an earthquake

  Epicenter
• It is the point of initial breaking or rupturing withing the earth

  Focus
• It is directly below the focus

  Hypocenter
• It is the effects of ground motion on people and structure

  Intensity
• It is the amount of energy an earthquake released

  Magnitude
• It indicates the size of the earthquake with a decimal number

  Moment Magnitude
• It is developed by famous seismologist Charles Ritcher

  Ritcher Scale
• It is the immediate effects of a catastrophic earthquake which are violent ground shaking accompanied by wide-spread surface rupture and displacement of the Earth's surface

  Shaking and Ground Rupture
• It happens during earthquakes, intense shaking can cause near-surface layer of water-saturated sand to change rapidly from solid to a liquid

  Liquefaction
• It is a vertical deformation of land surface; includes both regional uplift and subsidence of the Earth's surface

  Regional Changes in Land Elevation
• It is the most closely linked natural hazards to earthquakes

  Landslide
• It is when shaking of the ground and surface displacements can break electrical power and natural gas lines, thus starting these.

  Fires
• It is caused by loss of sanitation and housing, contaminated water supplies, disruption of public health services, and the distrubance of the natural environment

  Disease
• It is a downslope movement of a mass of rock, debris, earth, or soil

  Landslides
• It is a slant or incline on a land surface

  Slope
• It is the mineral composition, degree of cementation or consolidation, the presence of zones of weakness

  Earth Material
• It refers to the height of the hill or the mountain above the land below

  Topographic Relief
• The steeper the slope, the greater the driving force

  Topography and Slope Angle
• It is when weather that is typical ina place over a period of years or decades

  Climate
• Itis all the plants or plant life in a place

  Vegetation
• It affects the slope stability in three ways

  Water
• It is the weathering of rocks through time reduces their strength

  Time
• These are one of the Earth's most dramatic and violent agents of change

  Volcanic Eruptions
• It is directly related to the plate tectonics, with most volcanoes located near the plate boundaries

  Volcanic Activity
• It is an are where large number of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur in the basin of the Pacific Ocean

  Ring of Fire
• It is currently erupting or showing signs of unrest

  Active
• It is currently not active, but could become active again

  Dormant
• It is considered unlikely to erupt again

  Extinct
• It's an area or center of low atmospheric pressure characterized by rotating winds

  Cyclones
• It is formed over warm t ropical or subtropical ocean water

  Tropical Cyclones