Network Standard Protocols

• Standards


  Documented agreements containing technical specifications or other precise criteria that stipulate how a particular product or service should be designed or performed
• Common Standardization Organizations

  • Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
  • American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
  • Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA)
  • Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA)
  • Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
  • Organization for Standardization (ISO)
• IEEE


  • International society composed of engineering professionals, aims to promote development and education in the electrical engineering and computer science fields
  • Standardized LAN technologies like Ethernet (802.3), token-ring (802.5), and Wireless LAN's (802.11)
• ANSI


  • Organization composed of more than one thousand representatives from industry and government who together to determine standards for electronics, industry and other fields
  • Published standards like American Standard for Code Information Interchange (ASCII) and Small Computer System Interface (SCSI)
• EIA


  • Trade organization composed of representatives from electronics manufacturing firms across the United States, writes ANSI standards and legislation favorable to the growth of computer and electronic industries
• TIA


  • Focuses on standards for information technology, wireless, satellite, fiber optics, and telephone equipment
  • Best-known standards are its guidelines for how network cable should be installed in commercial buildings, known as the "TIA/EIA 568 – B Series"
• IETF


  • Organization responsible for the overall development of the Internet and the standardization of internetworking technologies, sets standards for how systems communicate over the Internet
• ISOC


  • Oversees the overall development on the Internet
• IESG


  • Oversees the activities of IETF and manages the process used to introduce or update Internet standards
• IAB


  • Serves as the technology advisory group to the Internet Society and is responsible for the overall development of the protocols and architecture associated with the Internet
• IANA


  • Oversees Internet naming and addressing, in charge of all "unique parameters" on the Internet including IP (Internet Protocol) addresses
• ISO

  • International standards organization responsible for a wide range of standards, including many that are relevant to networking
• Application Layer Protocols

  • Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
  • Post Office Protocol, version 3 (POP3)
  • Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP)
  • File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
  • Network File System (NFS)
  • Domain Name System (DNS)
  • Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)
  • Terminal Emulation Protocol Network (Telnet)
  • Remote login application (rlogin)
  • Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
  • HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol over Secure Socket Layer)
• SMTP


  TCP/IP protocol that specifies a reliable and efficient transfer of electronic mail service on the Internet

  
• POP3


  TCP/IP protocol that is designed to allow a workstation to retrieve mail that the server is holding for it
• TFTP


  Small and simple alternative to FTP that uses UDP to transfer files between systems
• FTP


  TCP/IP protocol that enables the sharing of computer programs and/or data between hosts over a TCP/IP network, uses TCP to create a virtual connection for control information and then creates a separate TCP connection for data transfer

  
• NFS


  TCP/IP protocol that enables computers to mount drives on remote hosts and operate them as if they were local drives
• DNS


  TCP/IP protocol that is used on the Internet for translating names of domains and their publicly advertised network nodes into IP addresses

  
• SNMP


  TCP/IP protocol that monitors and controls the exchange of management information between networks and network components, enables network administrators to manage configurations, statistics collection, network performance, and security

  
• Telnet


  TCP/IP protocol that uses the TCP as the transport protocol to establish a connection between server and client, uses special software called a daemon which is referred to as a remote host

  
• rlogin


  UNIX command that allows authorized users to log in to other UNIX machines (hosts) on a network and to interact as if the user were physically at the host computer
• HTTP


  Application-level protocol service and an Internet standard developed by the IETF that supports the exchange of information on the World Wide Web, as well as on internal networks
• HTTPS


  Secure message-oriented communications protocol designed for use in conjunction with HTTP
• SSL


  Security protocol that works at a socket level, exists between the TCP layer and the application layer to encrypt/decode data and authenticate concerned entities
• TCP


  Connection-oriented TCP/IP standard transport layer protocol that provides reliable data delivery, duplicate data suppression, congestion control, and flow control on which many application protocols depend

  
• UDP


  Connectionless TCP/IP standard transport layer protocol that provides unreliable, best-effort service, sends independent packets of data called datagrams from one computer to another with no guarantees about arrival

  
• Port Numbers

  • 0-1023 (well-known ports reserved for use by well-known services like HTTP and FTP)
  • 1024-65535 (dynamic/private ports)
• Port 21

  File Transfer Protocol
• Port 23

  Telnet Protocol
• Port 25

  Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
• Port 80

  Hypertext Transfer Protocol
• TCP Header Fields

  • Source Port
  • Destination Port
  • Sequence Number
  • Acknowledgment Number
  • Header Length
  • Reserved
  • Control Bits
  • Window
  • Checksum
• UDP Header Fields

  • Source Port
  • Destination Port
  • Length
  • Checksum
• TCP SYN-ACK Handshake

  1. SYN - Synchronize

  2. ACK - Acknowledge

  3. FIN - Finish
• TCP uses the Sequence Number and Acknowledgment Number fields to implement reliable and ordered data transmission

  
• TCP uses the sliding window mechanism to control the data transmission rate
• TCP Shutdown (Four-Way Handshake)


  Engaged when the data transmission is complete in order to disconnect the TCP connection and release system resources
• Source Port


  Identifies the application that sends the segment. This field is 16 bits long.
• Destination Port


  Identifies the application that receives the segment. This field is 16 bits long.