AP exam review

• This video is going to summarize all seven units of AP Human Geography in one video
• The goal of this video is to review the main concepts of each unit to help students prepare for the AP test or a final exam
• The presenter has a resource called the Ultimate Review Packet that covers every unit of AP Human Geography
• The Ultimate Review Packet includes summary videos, study guides, answer keys, practice quizzes, and two full practice AP tests
• Becoming a YouTube member or purchasing the Ultimate Review Packet supports the presenter in continuing to make these resources
• The presenter encourages students to join the Mr. Sinn Discord server, which is a community of students reviewing for the AP test
• Maps


  Thematic maps, reference maps, different map projections
• Map projections


  Each map projection has distortion in shape, area, distance, or direction
• GIS (Geographic Information Systems)


  Layers data on maps to show spatial relationships
• Quantitative research


  Uses census data and numerical information
• Qualitative research


  Looks at people's attitudes, beliefs, and feelings
• Spatial concepts


  How technology and communication have decreased distance decay and increased connectivity
• Environmental determinism


  The environment sets restrictions on society and culture
• Environmental possibilism


  Society can shape and modify the environment to suit its needs
• Scale of analysis


  How data is organized, such as national vs local level
• Scale


  How much of the Earth's surface is viewed, small scale vs large scale
• Types of regions


  • Functional/nodal regions
  • Perceptual/vernacular regions
  • Formal/uniform regions
• Population distribution


  Where people live and why, based on opportunities
• Population density


  Arithmetic density, physiological density, agricultural density
• Population data


  • CBR, CDR, NIR, growth rate, sex ratios, doubling time, dependency ratios
• Population pyramid


  Indicates a country's stage in the demographic transition model
• Demographic transition model


  Stages of population growth and decline
• Epidemiologic transition model


  Looks at causes of death in each stage of demographic transition
• Pro-natalism


  Government policies to encourage population growth
• Anti-natalism

  Government policies to restrict population growth
• Malthus and neo-Malthusians


  Belief that population will exceed the Earth's carrying capacity
• Push and pull factors

  Reasons why people migrate, such as political, economic, social, or environmental
• Forced vs voluntary migration

  Forced migration due to persecution, voluntary migration by choice
• Types of migration


  Ravenstein's laws of migration, counter-migration
• Cultural relativism


  Viewing a culture through its own perspective, not judging by one's own standards
• Ethnocentrism


  Judging another culture based on one's own cultural standards
• Cultural landscape


  The physical expression of a culture in the landscape, such as land use patterns, architecture, etc.
• Cultural centripetal and centrifugal forces


  Forces that push and pull a culture together or apart
• Diffusion

  The spread of cultural traits, including relocation, expansion, hierarchical, contagious, and stimulus diffusion
• Colonialism, imperialism, globalization, and the internet

  Drivers of cultural diffusion in modern times
• Cultural resistance, acculturation, assimilation, syncretism, multiculturalism


  Outcomes of cultural diffusion and interaction
• Types of religions


  • Universalizing religions (Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, Sikhism)
  • Ethnic religions (Judaism, Hinduism)
• Universalizing religions seek to convert more followers, while ethnic religions aim to protect their cultural identity
• Universalizing religions


  Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, Sikhism
• Ethnic religions


  Judaism, Hinduism