final human physio 2

• males are meant to pass on genetic material to offspring
• female reproductive system is designed to carry the fetus
• the female reproductive system consists of ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, vagina, vulva, and external genitalia.
• ovaries produce eggs (ova) and estrogen and progesterone hormones
• males should perpetuate the species, produce gametes and testosterone
• the development of secondary sex characteristics such as the development of a beard and the development of testes
• males voices change, develop hair and increased bone density
• scrotum contains two testicles that produce sperm cells and male sex hormones
• testis are located outside the body because they need to be cooled by scrotal skin
• epididymis is where sperm mature and are stored until ejaculation
• the penis is used for urination and sexual intercourse
• semen carries sperms from the urethra through the penis during ejaculation
• prostate gland produces fluid that makes up semen
• tetis produces gametes
• secondary structures include epididymis, vas deferns, ejaculatory ducts, urethra
• vas deferens transports sperm to the urethra
• ejaculatory ducts connect the vas deferens with the prostatic urethra
• urethra transports semen out of the body
• 5 alpha dihydrogen testosterone is found in lower concentrations in the blood but is more potent than T alone
• 5DHT contributes to prostate enlargement and male pattern baldness
• benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is an increase in size of the prostate gland due to aging
• key for sexual differentiation during embryogenesis is the prostate
• layers of tetis include tunica albuginea
• tunica albuginea is fibrous connective tissue that surrounds the corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum, it prevents overexpansion of erectile tissue
• seminferous tubules are the tubes that carry sperm from the epididymis to the urethra
• efferent ducts go to epididymis and become vas deferns
• vas deferens carries sperm into ejaculatory ducts which empty into seminal vesicles
• seminal fluid is partly spermatozoa where tetes contribute 5 percent, seminal vesciles 60, prostate 30 and bulbourethral 5 percent
• shrinkage brings tetes closer to body to retain heat
• progestogen comes from cholesterol
• GnRh, FSH, and LH are in a negative feedback loop for males
• FSH stimulates Sertoli cells to produce inhibin that inhibits release of FSH
• LH stimulates Leydig cells to produce testosterone that inhibits release of GnRH
• testosterone also inhibits release of FSH by inhibiting production of inhibin
• gonadotropins (FSH & LH) are released when blood levels of sex hormones decrease
• acrosome - contain enzymes
• acrosome breaks down outer layer of ovum for fertilization to occur
• nucleus of sperm has haploid gene info
• midpiece of sperm contains mitochondria, produces ATP to support movement of the tail
• follicular phase begins with onset of menses and ends with ovulation