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• Model matrix


  Interacts with the view and projection matrices
• Rendering a complex scene with multiple objects


  Each object has its own model matrix transformations
• Applying a non-uniform scale to the model matrix in OpenGL

  The object's shape distorts
• Rendering a scene with multiple objects

  Applying transformations hierarchically using the model matrix is more efficient
• gluPerspective() function in OpenGL


  Requires field of view, aspect ratio, near and far clipping planes to define a perspective projection
• Objects closer to the far clipping plane in a perspective projection

  They become smaller
• Setting up a perspective projection matrix in OpenGL


  To accurately simulate the way objects appear smaller as they move away from the viewer
• Normal matrix in OpenGL transformations

  To transform normals from object space to eye space
• Vertex shader in a graphics pipeline

  Its primary function is transforming vertices
• Typical stage in the rendering pipeline

  Vertex shading, Texture mapping, Rasterization, Fragment blending
• If an object undergoes a scaling transformation, the property that remains unchanged is orientation
• Fragment shader in OpenGL

  Its main function is processing individual pixels
• A rotation matrix for any axis that does not coincide with a coordinate axis can be set up as a composite transformation involving combinations of translations and the coordinate-axis rotations
• The frame-buffer locations and the corresponding screen positions are referenced
• Display Processor


  Its purpose is to