extra

• Cultural deprivation


  Inadequate socialisation in the home.
• Material deprivation's effects on education

  90% of failing schools are in deprived areas. Dpt of Education (2012) barely 1/3 of students eligible for free school meals achieve 5 or more GCSE's at A*-C. These students are more likely to be excluded and truant.
• Effects of housing on educational achievement

  Direct - overcrowding makes it difficult for a child to study, disturbed sleep from sharing beds or rooms. Indirect - effects on health and welfare e.g. children in crowded house run a greater risk of having an accident. Cold or damp house leads to infections or illness.
• Effects of diet and health on educational achievement

  Howard (2001) kids from poorer homes have a lower intake of energy, vitamins and minerals. Wilkinson (1999) kids from poorer backgrounds are more likely to have emotional/ behavioural problems. Blanden and Machin (2007) found children from poorer backgrounds more likely to engage in fights or temper tantrums.
• Douglas (1964)


  Who said w/c parents place less value on education - less ambitious for their children and give them less encouragement.
• Bourdieu (1984)


  Who said cultural capital refers to the knowledge, tastes, language, attitudes and values of the middle class.
• Gillborn and Youdell (2001)


  Who said teachers label students based on stereotypical assumptions of their class worth, they also argue that labelling leads to a self fulfilling prophecy
• Self-fulfilling prophecy


  Living up to your label.
• Stephen Ball (1981)


  Who looked at abolishing streaming in schools & found when it was abolished anti-school subcultures were less likely to be created but teacher labelling continued?
• Black family structure


  mostly headed by a single female parent. Murray (1984) argues financial difficulty and a lack of male role model leads to the children in these families being inadequately socialised and go onto fail at school.
• Asian family structure


  Lupton (2004) argues that adult authority in Asian fams is similar to the way schools operate. Pryce adds that Asian kids are more resistant to racism so develop self-worth.
• Wood et al (2010)

  Who Found evidence of discrimination in employment, he sent three closely matched application forms to 1,000 job vacancies using fictitious applicant names. Only 1/16 ethnic minority offered an interview compared with 1/9 white applications.
• Ethnocentric curriculum


  Coard (2005) argues that school curriculum is racist and based on white culture as Eng Lit is based of British lit, European history and foreign language studies ignore non-European history and languages and Christianity is the curriculums central religion.
• Racialised expectations


  Gillborn and Youdell found teachers underestimate black students and were quicker to see there behaviour as threatening.
• Lack of language skills and foreign qualifications


  What may cause ethnic minorities not to perform well in school when it comes to communication?
• Double standards


  boys boast about their sexual exploits yet if girls did the same they would be labelled 'slags
• Boys and literacy


  Dads and Sons Campaign, Reading Champions, Playing for success are all campaigns to get more boys into reading. Mothers often read to their children before bed so they associate reading with being effeminate.
• Single-sex schooling


  Students in these schools make less gender specific subject choices and hold less stereotypical views. Leonard (2006) found girls in these schools were more likely to pick science and maths at A Level.
• Sex Discrimination Act (1975)


  giving women more rights at work.
• Equal Pay Act (1970)


  reduced the pay gap between men and women.
• National Curriculum(1988)


  gave girls and boys the opportunity to study the same subjects.
• GIST/WISE


  help get girls to have an increased interest in technology and science subjects.
• Mac an Ghail (1994)


  found the 'macho lads' in school found working hard at school was effeminate and were anti-school so they underachieved.
• Teachers and discipline


  Teachers help reinforce gender identities as male teachers have told boys off for 'behaving like girls' and male teachers often 'rescue' female colleagues from disruptive students.
• Private schools


  Fee paying and selective
• Advantages of private schools

  New Right are in favour of them; they aren't restricted by a national curriculum, get better results and they give parents a greater choice of school.
• Tripartite system (Education Act 1944)


  grammar, secondary modern, technical schools, 11+ test taken to determine what school a child is sent to
• Policies that promote the education market

  Open enrolment, publication of league tables, formula funding, business sponsorship of schools, specialist schools (widen choice), intro. of tuition fees.
• Parentocracy


  David (1993) argues marketised education leads to a ________ . This shifts power away from the producers (teachers and schools) to the consumers (parents) and encourage choice, diversity and an increase in standards.
• Coalition government policies (2010-2015)

  New style academies (over 50% all schools now academies), free schools, compensatory policies like FSM and pupil premium, Austerity programme (reduce public spending to decrease the national deficit).
• The privatisation of education


  the transfer of public assets (e.g. schools) to private companies. Increasing trend towards this in the UK and globally meaning that education has become a source of profit for capitalists. Molnar (2005) private sector is penetrating the education sector indirectly (the cola-isation of schools) through vending machines, displays of logos and sponsorship.
• Globalisation (inter-connectedness) of education policy

  It's important to consider that British society is heavily influenced by outside factors e.g. the European union; Transnational corporations; immigration and cultural produce such as fashion, film, books etc.
• Kelly (2009) globalisation


  acknowledges the following effects of globalisation on education: unis and private schools increasingly have to market themselves globally, often setting up overseas branches, overseas students are commodities as they pay higher fees
• Ball (2011)


  education has become a commodity subject to business practice and financial logistics. Marxists say competition to drive up standards is a myth used to legitimate the turning of education into private profit.
• Operation Head Start (USA 1960s)

  Provided pre-school education to improve learning skills, offered parenting skills, children receive medical screenings, parental involvement was key, children provided w/ at least 1/3 of nutritional requirements. No long term gains in intelligence, intervention came too late in a child' life (age 3-4).
• Education Action Zones (1990s)


  Labour. Help for 'failing' schools, encourages innovation, helped both primary and secondary schools, encourages innovation, raised achievement. Inadequate funding, patchy success rate.
• Sure Start (2000)


  Labour. Covers kids from conception-14 years, encourages high quality learning environments for babies and young children and babies, also supported kids with special educational needs. Unemployed, lone parents or kids of teenage mothers did worse in sure start areas, sucking support away from those in greatest need who may feel 'overwhelmed' by the sure start offer.
• EMA (2004)


  Education Maintenance Allowance was introduced by Labour. A Level students whose households earn less than £30,000 per year entitled to £30 a week to help with the cost of studying. Encouraged social mobility, acted as a motivator to stay in education, encourages kids not to take up part-time work, EMA improved A Level students performance by 4.5%. Extremely costly, can spend the money on anything they wanted, created resentment between kids who couldn't claim it, argued it is morally wrong to incentivise students with money.
• Free school meals


  FSM means tested benefit available to kids whose household income is less than £16,000 a year, estimated to cost gov. £600 million a year, research shows kids w/ a regular healthy meal more likely to concentrate. It isn't extended to older kids in education, scheme has been extended to kids who can afford meals, gov. cut from child benefit to fund it (irony), detrimental effect on other areas of school life.
• Social inclusion policies (1990s)

  an anti-discrimination policy. monitoring of exam results by ethnicity, English as an additional language programmes, help for voluntary Saturday schools in the black community. Fails to tackle real cause for ethnic inequality (racism and poverty), institutionally racist policies n practices still disadvantage some ethnic minority students (such as streaming, ethnocentric curriculum).