changing places

• Location


  The physical point of where a place is
• Place


  A location which has different meanings to various people
• Edward Relph


  • Key influence on modern day understanding of place due to his 1976 publication 'Place and Placelessness', which aimed to reimagine the static and dimensional aspects of place that were once widely accepted
• Locale


  Locations in a place that are associated with everyday activities
• Sense of place


  The subjective emotional attachment to a place which gives it meaning
• Placelessness


  A place is not unique
• Attachment


  A feeling binding one subject with another, which grows stronger over time as you have more experiences in a place
• Topophilia


  The love of a place and having a strong attachment to it
• Topophobia


  The dislike of a place
• Types of places


  • Near places
  • Far places
  • Experienced places
  • Media places
• Genius loci


  The spirit of a place, suggesting that every place has a unique spirit or atmosphere
• Place character


  • The specific qualities, attributes or features of a location that make it unique, affected by endogenous and exogenous factors
• Endogenous factors


  • Land use
  • Topography
  • Physical geography
  • Infrastructure
  • Demographic characteristics
  • Built environment
  • Location
  • Economic characteristics
• Exogenous factors


  • People
  • Money and investment
  • Resources
  • Ideas
• Over time, endogenous factors will be shaped by the changing flows of exogenous factors
• The influx of people as an exogenous factor during the 2016 Olympics will have caused the city of Rio de Janeiro to have become busier, leading to a short-term impact on sense of place
• In the long-term, the investment and movements to bulldoze some areas of the Favela's will have changed the economic and social characteristics of the city of Rio de Janeiro. The built environment is affected by the new stadiums that were built
• Insider


  People who feel at home within a place, with characteristics such as being born there, holding citizenship, fluency in the local language and conforming with social norms and behavioural traits
• Outsider


  The opposite of an insider, people who do not belong to the main ethnic group of a community and may feel like outsiders
• All over the world, including the UK, there is a pattern whereby ethnic groups cluster in certain areas, potentially because people feel more comfortable around those who share their culture and language
• Unfamiliar


  Not familiar
• Country of origin


  The country a person is from originally
• Architecture


  The design and structure of buildings
• Vehicles


  Modes of transport
• Feelings of unfamiliarity


  May change in the long-term
• Integrate into society


  Become part of the local community
• Insiders


  People who feel they belong to a place
• Outsiders


  People who feel they don't belong to a place
• Unique sense of place


  The distinct way a person experiences a place
• Ethnic groups cluster in certain areas, potentially because people feel more at home surrounded by others sharing the same ethnicity
• Clustering of ethnic groups

  The area will adapt towards that culture over time, which may attract more people from that ethnicity to move there
• Perspective of place may change so that people begin to feel like outsiders, even if they initially identified as insiders to a place
• Large influxes of immigrants into an area

  Can change the characteristics of a place
• High street changing to cater for new cultures


  Can make the original residents begin to feel like outsiders as their surroundings become unfamiliar
• Some people may embrace multiculturalism and the changes that occur as a result of immigration and like the diversity of their high street
• Diversity makes some places appealing e.g. Chinatown attracts large numbers of tourists each year
• Gentrification


  The process of renovation and improvement of housing to suit a middle class audience, usually leading to higher house prices
• Gentrification


  Can cause insiders to feel like outsiders over time as entire districts change and adapt to suit a different audience
• Large scale regeneration projects


  Can lead to changes in place character that cause the original population to feel like outsiders
• The area of Stratford, previously a deindustrialised area contaminated with waste and full of derelict industrial buildings, has undergone major regeneration for the 2012 Olympic games, leading to dramatic changes in the sense of place