Self-Identity

• self- concept: the idea of who we are and how we see ourselves
• 2 concepts of self-concept: categorical self and existential self
• existential self: the self that is aware of its existence and is able to make choices and decisions. it is constant
• categorical self: the self that is categorized by the self's own perceptions of its own characteristics among everyone else's properties
• Humanistic Theory: developed by Carl Rodgers that involves self-image, self-esteem, and the ideal self
• self-image: the way we see ourselves, the way we think we look and the way we think we behave
• self-esteem: the belief that you are worthy of respect and value from others
• ideal self: the self we wish to be, the self we want to be seen as
• Social-Identity Theory: People are motivated to act in ways that are consistent with their social identity
• 2 parts of the social-identity theory: personal and social
• Step in identity: 1. categorize 2. identify 3. compare
• self-efficacy: belief in one's capabilities to succeed in a certain situation
• 2 types of self-efficacy: strong and weak
• strong self-efficacy: confidence in oneself to perform well on a task or goal
• weak self-efficacy: lack of confidence in oneself to perform well on a task or goal
• 4 sources of self-efficacy: 1. mastery 2. social modeling 3. Social persuasion 4. psychological responses
• locus of control: the extent to which an individual perceives that they have control over the events in their lives
• 2 types of locus of control: internal and external
• internal locus of control: individuals believe that they are responsible for what happens to them, regardless of outside factors.
• external locus of control: individuals believe that things happen because of fate, luck, chance, or other people's actions.
• psychosexual theory: Freud's theory of the personality development through childhood experiences
• 5 stages of psychosexual theory: oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
• oral stage: 0-1 year olds development feelings. Fixation could be smoking, nail biting, and overeating etc
• Anal stage: 1-3 year old develop toilet training. Fixation could be messiness and orderliness
• Phallic stage: 3-6 years old. Boys have Oedipus complex (desire mother) while girls have Electra complex (desire father). fixation could be sexual dysfunctions.
• Latency Stage: 6-12 year old. No sexual desires but may experience repression. Developes socialism and skill development.
• Genital Stage: puberty to death. Sexual maturity and reproduction
• psychosocial theory: the idea that mental health is influenced by social and cultural factors. Personality is developed throughout the lifespan
• Erikson's 8 psychosocial stages: (1) trust vs mistrust, (2) autonomy vs shame/doubt, (3) initiative vs guilt, (4) industry vs inferiority, (5) identity vs role confusion, (6) intimacy vs isolation, (7) generativity vs stagnation, (8) ego integrity vs despair
• Trust vs Mistrust: birth - 1 yrs old. Infants need caregivers who respond consistently and reliably. If not, they will feel untrusted and distrustful. Trust can lead to confidence and independence later on. It's virtue is hope. A negative outcome is fear and suspicion/ mistrust
• Autonomy vs Shame/Doubt: 2 yrs old. Children begin to assert their own needs and wants. They must learn how to control impulses and delay gratification. Failure leads to feelings of doubt or shame. It's virtue is independence
• Initiative vs Guilt: 3-5 yrs old. Children become more independent and explore their environment. They also start to understand rules and expectations. Success leads to feeling proud and confident; failure leads to feelings of guilt. It's virtue is purpose
• Industry vs Inferiority: 6-12 years old. School age children focus on mastering skills and achieving goals. Success leads to competence and pride while failure leads to feelings of inferiority.
• Identity vs Role Confusion: 12-18 years old. Adolescents struggle to find out who they are as individuals. This stage involves exploring different identities and finding one that feels right. Failure leads to feeling lost or confused about oneself and rebellion. It's virtue is fidelity.
• Intimacy vs Isolation: 18-40. People develop close relationships with others. Success leads to love and commitment. Failure leads to loneliness and isolation.
• Generativity vs Stagnation: middle adulthood. Adults strive to make contributions to society through work, family, etc. Success leads to fulfillment and satisfaction while failure leads to feeling like life has no meaning.
• Ego Integrity vs Despair: 65+. Older adults reflect on the lives they have lived and come to terms with what they accomplished. Success leads to acceptance and contentment and wisdom while failure leads to regret and despair.
• virtue: characteristics and strength the the ego can use to resolve future conflicts
• Social-Cultural Theory: Vykotsky's theory that states that children learn through active, hands on experiences
• Elementary Functions of Sociocultural theory: Attention, Sensation, Perception, and Memory