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• Plant and animal organ systems and their functions


  • Reproduction
  • Development
  • Nutrition
• This self-learning kit will serve as a guide for the learners. It will aid them as they learn new ideas and enrich existing knowledge. In order to study General Biology, one requires a sense of discipline.
• Words related to plant reproduction

  • maturation
  • Genetic
  • identical
  • nitrogen
  • Scion
  • stock
  • cambium
  • scutellum
  • Propagules
  • Hypocotyl
  • radicle
  • Stamen
  • Straightening
  • phytochrome
  • new combinations
  • nutrient
  • Pollination

  
• Asexual reproduction in plants


  Permits the propagation of advantageous genetic makeups since the offspring are genetically identical with the parent
• Sexual reproduction in plants

  Permits new combinations of traits to arise from the contributions of multiple different ancestors
• Propagules


  Body parts specialized for breakaway and dispersal
• Grafting


  The plant that is to be asexually propagated is known as the scion; this is attached to the stock, which may be little more than a root. It is important that the two have their cambium layers in contact with each other.
• Cotyledon


  A food-absorbing structure in the grass seed

  
• Seedling


  The portion below the cotyledons, which includes the future root (radicle)

  
• Root hairs


  Form in the zone of maturation of the growing root tip
• Straightening of dicot seedling


  Occurs when the "hook" is exposed to light during germination, initiated by the pigment phytochrome
• Nitrogen


  An important nutrient macronutrient because it is part of nucleic acids and proteins needed by plants
• Nutrient


  Any substance required for the growth and maintenance of an organism
• Fragmentation


  The type of reproduction in which an animal divides into several pieces and then each piece develops into an entire new animal
• Metagenesis


  An alternation of sexual and asexual generations
• Parthenogenesis


  A type of reproduction in which an unfertilized egg develops into a new individual
• Hermaphroditic


  An individual that can produce both eggs and sperm
• Morphogenesis


  Movement of cells to form a tube such as the neural tube
• Cellular differentiation


  Specialization of cells to form neurons or some other cell types
• Cleavage


  The rapid series of mitoses that converts the zygote to a morula
• Inner cell mass


  The cluster of cells that projects into the cavity of the blastocyst, giving rise to the embryo
• Gastrulation


  The process by which the blastula becomes a three-layered embryo
• Calorie


  A unit of energy that indicates the amount of energy contained in food
• Essential amino acids


  Needed for the synthesis of proteins and enzymes
• The propagation of flowering plants by sexual and asexual reproduction forms the basis of agriculture.
• The life cycles of plants are characterized by an alternation of generations, in which the haploid (n) and diploid (2n) generations take turns producing each other.
• Sporophyte


  The diploid plant that produces haploid spores by meiosis
• Gametophytes


  The small male and female haploid plants that produce gametes: sperm and eggs

  
• Flower


  The reproductive shoots of the angiosperm sporophyte, typically composed of four whorls of highly modified leaves called floral organs
• Floral organs


  Sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels (pistils), attached to the receptacle

  
• Stamens


  Reproductive organs consisting of a filament and an anther that produces pollen

  
• Carpel


  Reproductive organ with an ovary at its base, a style, and a stigma that serves as a landing platform for pollen
• Complete flower


  A flower that is built with four parts: sepals, petals, pistils and stamens

  
• Incomplete flower


  A flower missing any of the sepals, petals, pistils and stamens
• Perfect/Bisexual flower


  A flower with both male and female reproductive structures
• Imperfect/Unisexual flower


  A flower that does not have both male and female structures, either staminate (male) or carpellate/pistillate (female)
• Pollen grains, each consisting of a mature male gametophyte surrounded by a spore wall, are formed within pollen sacs (microsporangia) of anthers. An egg-producing female gametophyte, or embryo sac, forms within each ovule.

  
• Pollination


  1. The transfer of pollen from an anther to a stigma

  2. If pollination is successful, a pollen grain produces a pollen tube that grows and discharges sperm near the embryo sac, resulting in fertilization of the egg

  3. The zygote gives rise to an embryo, and the ovule develops into a seed

  4. The ovary develops into a fruit containing one or more seeds

  
• After landing on a receptive stigma, a pollen grain absorbs moisture and germinates, producing a pollen tube that extends down toward the ovary.

  
• Double fertilization


  The pollen tube discharges two sperm, one fertilizing the egg to form the zygote, and the other fertilizing the central cell to form the endosperm