Nervous system

• Gyri

  Folds on surface of cerebrum
• Sulci 


  Grooves between folds of cerebrum
• Fissures


  Deep grooves between folds of cerebrum
• Diencephalon


  Area between cerebrum and brainstem
• Cerebellum


  Portion of brain in posterior inferior region that processes information for coordination of movement and speech
• Wernicke's Area


  Specialized area in brain that helps with understanding speech
• Broca's Area


  Specialized area in brain close to with producing meaningful speech
• Nerves


  Bundles of fibers that transmit impulses of sensation to brain or spinal cord and impulses from these to muscle or organ
• Cerebrum


  • Responsible for memory, behavior, learning, reasoning, and interpretation of sensory input
• Cerebellum


  Coordination of posture, balance, voluntary muscle contraction
• Midbrain


  Responsible for auditory and visual reflexes
• Pons


  Regulates respiration
• Medulla Oblongata


  Regulates rate and force of cardiac contraction, rate of respiration, and reflexes like coughing, sneezing, swallowing
• Hypothalamus


  Regulates cardiovascular system, temperature, water balance, and thirst, hunger, wakefulness, pituitary gland
• Pituitary Gland


  Regulates the endocrine system
• Cerebellum has 2 hemispheres separated by the Vermis
• Motor neurons


  Convey impulses from the central nervous system
• Sensory neurons


  Convey impulses to the central nervous system
• Central Nervous System


  Consists of spinal cord and brain, responsible for learning, memory, interpretation of sensory impulses
• Major parts of the brain

  • Outer cerebrum
  • Inner diencephalon
• Cerebrum


  Has 2 hemispheres (right and left) connected by a white matter bridge called corpus callosum
• Lobes of the cerebrum

  • Frontal lobe
  • Parietal lobes
  • Temporal lobes
  • Occipital lobe
• Frontal lobe


  Processes information involving motor movements, concentration, planning and problem solving, sense of smell and emotions
• Parietal lobes


  Process sensory information
• Temporal lobes


  Process information related to hearing, smell, memory, abstract thought and making judgments
• Occipital lobe


  Processes visual information
• Longitudinal fissure


  Divides parietal lobes
• Lateral fissure (Sylvian fissure)

  Separates temporal and parietal lobes
• Interneurons are found in the central nervous system
• The insula is often referred to as the fifth lobe, located deep in the lateral fissure
• Diencephalon


  Includes the hypothalamus and thalamus
• Hypothalamus


  Lies between brainstem and cerebrum, important for regulating the thalamus, connected to the endocrine system to help regulate hormones, also regulates body temperature, thirst, hunger, sexual drive, involved in processing emotions, mood, sleep, and the reticular activating system
• Thalamus


  Largest part of the diencephalon, sometimes referred to as a relay station for sensory information such as auditory, visual, and emotional due to connection to the limbic system
• Pineal Gland


  Posterior to the diencephalon, small endocrine gland that secretes the hormone melatonin to help regulate sleep-wake cycles
• Parts of the brain

  • Cerebrum
  • Thalamus
  • Hypothalamus
  • Basal Ganglia
  • Cerebellum
• Brainstem


  Lies between the cerebral cortex and spinal cord, consists of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata
• Medulla Oblongata


  Most inferior portion of the brainstem, contains centers controlling heart rate, respiration, swallowing, vomiting, blood vessel diameters
• Spinal Cord


  Spinal pathways called tracts continue through the medulla, connecting with the brain
• Pons


  Middle section of the brainstem, contains spinal and cranial nerve tracts and nuclei that help control respiration and sleep
• Midbrain


  Most superior portion of the brainstem, helps process motor and auditory information