chemistry

• Matter


  Anything that has mass and takes up space
• States of matter


  • Solid
  • Liquid
  • Gas
• Solid


  • Particles are evenly packed together and do not move or roll on each other but do vibrate
• Liquid


  • Particles can move/roll on each other but still loosely together and have a little amount of energy
• Gas


  • Particles have lots of energy and can move and take up all the space given
• Change of state


  Influenced by how much energy each particle has
• Particle arrangement by state

  • Solid - Particles are always together tightly forming shapes
  • Liquid - Particles are together but a little loose and can roll over each other
  • Gas - Particles take up all space given and push for more space
• diagram

  
• Matter


  • Takes up space
  • Everything around us is made of matter
  • Has different phases
  • Has particles
  • Has mass
• Particle theory (kinetic theory) ideas


  • All matter is made up of small particles
  • These particles are always moving
  • When matter is heated up particles move faster
  • When particles move faster they need more room
  • When matter is cooled the particles move slowly
  • When particles move slowly there need less room
  • Particles are held together by force which varies in strength
• Particles in solids


  • Particles are close together as they can be
  • Particles are held together strongly
  • Particles are not free to move and they can only vibrate in fixed positions
• Particles in liquids


  • Particles are as together as they can be
  • Particles are held together less strongly
  • Particles can roll over one another
• Particles in gases


  • Particles are much further apart
  • Particles are not held together
  • Particles are free to move
• diagram

  
• - What matter is heated up is particle start to vibrate and loosen up causing change in states of matter
• -as heated up particles move faster and bouncing around in space and needing more room causing volume to expand (thermal expansion)
• -Density: matter’s mass per unit of volume

  -D=M/V.      

  -M=V x D

  -V= M/D

  -volume mean space of object

  -mass means weight of matter
• Atom


  The smallest unit of existence, too small to be seen by the human eye
• Subatomic particles

  • Protons
  • Electrons
  • Neutrons
• Protons

  Positive charge
• Electrons

  Negative charge
• Neutrons

  Neutral charge, not positive or negative
• Electrons

  • Smaller with less mass than protons and neutrons
• if Number of protons equals electrons so atoms have no overall charge
• Opposite charges attract


  Causing protons, neutrons and electrons to hold to form atoms
• Nucleus


  Positive, attracting negative electrons
• Neutral atoms


  Atoms with no overall charge
• atom diagram

  
• transition of state

  
• Molecule

  A group of two or more atoms bonded together (multiple of the same atom chemically bonded together)
• Molecule consisting of only one element

  Molecule of element
• Pure substance

  Only one type of particle, can be a single element like oxygen or a molecule like O2 or compound like H2O
• Mixture

  Two or more elements mixed together, they keep their own properties and can be physically separated
• Element


  A pure substance that consists of one type of atom, each element is represented by a unique symbol (e.g. hydrogen is represented by H)
• Number of different of atoms

  • 118
• Matter with one type of atom is the element
• Number of natural elements

  • 92
• Scientists have made over 20 elements
• Mixture

  Contains two or more components, that are not chemically combined
• Emulsion


  A mixture where a liquid is suspended in another liquid. They can separate into layers of liquids