SPMA 2P98- Final Exam

• Sport Event Lifecycle: Planning Mode


  1. Starts with bidding (1-3 years)

  2. Bid committee

  3. Transition phase (6-8 months)

  4. Bid committee → Organizing committee (O.C)

  5. Leader chosen → CEO of the O.C

  6. Strategic Plan

  7. O.C structure/chart

  8. Plans: Business, operational, divisional plans
• Sport Event Lifecycle: Implementation Mode


  1. Starts with the venuization of the plans

  2. Divisional plans → Venue plans

  3. Event-Time

  4. Movement of personnel and material to venues (Venuizing)
• Sport Event Lifecycle: Wrap-up Mode


  1. Starts when closing ceremonies are done (6 months- 1 year)

  2. Only the more senior personnel remain

  3. Contractors and volunteers are done

  4. Financial reports are written

  5. Legacy management
• Events


  • Temporary in nature
  • Planned or unplanned
• Planned event


  • Pre-determined beginning and end dates (eg. lifecycle)
  • Each is a unique combination of management, programming, place and people
• Levels of events


  • Participant size
  • Media attention
  • Financial/economic impact
  • Attendance/tourism
  • Prestige to the host region and/or organization
• Types of events


  • Sport-based (single or multi-sport)
  • Culture/festival-based
  • Political-based
• Geographical scale of events

  • Local
  • Regional
  • National
  • Continental
  • International
• Examples of events


  • Olympics
  • Niagara grape and wine festival
  • Brock's steel blade classic
  • Ottawa 2017
• Event terms


  • Special
  • Hallmark
  • Large-scale
  • Major
  • Mega-events
• Large-Scale Sport Events


  • One-off or recurring
  • International nature
  • Attract many delegations and international media
  • Provide benefits/legacies for the host region
  • Traditional and nice events
• Mega Sport Events


  • Typically one-off
  • Size or significance will generate a lot of media attention, financial/economic impact, attendance/tourism, prestige to host region
• Hallmark Sport Events


  • One-off or recurring
  • Large-scale or mega
  • Tied to a place
  • Heritage events: Subset of hallmark events, Held for at least 25 years in the same location
• Examples of Hallmark Sport Events

  • Calgary Stampede
  • Carnival De Quebec
  • Monaco Grand Prix
  • Masters Tournament
• Types of Bids


  • Real Bid
  • Alibi Bid
  • Warm-up Bid
  • Tactic Bid
• Real Bid


  • High competition, even at the national level
  • The requirements are complex
  • Internal, process and external factors are important
• Examples of Real Bids

  • AU NZ 2023
  • Toronto Pan Am
  • Hamilton Commonwealth Games 2026
  • Niagara Canada Games 2022
  • Tokyo 2020
  • LA24
• Alibi Bid


  • Bidding creates a certain amount of media attention for the bidder
  • No realistic chance of winning, but provides a way of promoting the city
  • Get your name out there
  • Spending less money than hosting the event
• Examples of Alibi Bids

  • 2008 → Thailand, Egypt, and Malaysia
  • 2008 → Canada, France, and China
• Warm-up Bid


  • Includes bid aimed to obtain first a minor event with the objective of hosting a major competition at a later date
  • Raises the bidder's profile with event organizers
• Tactic Bid


  • When an event does not attract many bids
  • The event owner (rights holder) still requires bids to be filed
  • More than one bid candidate: One edition of the event is attributed to each of the candidates
• Example of a Tactic Bid

  • Brisbane 2032
• The Bid Process: Informal Bid Process

  1. The Origin of the Idea

  2. Objective/conceptualization of bid idea

  3. Feasibility study

  4. Local support
• The Bid Process: Feasibility Study

  1. Facility review and assessment

  2. Event fit-out requirements

  3. Marketing

  4. Hosting capabilities

  5. Transportation capability (internal and external)

  6. Athletes

  7. Community support

  8. Sport expertise (officiating; equipment)

  9. Economic impact analyses and projection
• The Bid Process: Formal Bid Process


  1. Origin of the idea

  2. Feasibility study

  3. Local support

  4. Informal Bid Process

  5. Bid presentation to the rights holder

  6. Bid evaluation by the rights holder

  7. Bid transfer to the organizing committee
• IOC is revisiting the idea of rotating the Winter Olympics due to the diminishing number of suitable hosts
• Climate change is primarily leading to a limited amount of realistic hosts
• Calgarians vote No on hosting 2026 Olympic Games
• German sports dealt a blow as Hamburg 2024 was defeated in a referendum
• Innsbruck drops 2026 Olympic bid after referendum
• IOC Bid Changes (agenda 2020)


  Then: No public referendum, Rigid timeline: 7 years, New venus, Larger costs

  Now: Public referendum before, The community needs to formally say "yes" to hosting, More flexible timeline, Use of existing and temporary venues, Focus on lower costs
• Choosing the Right Event


  Think about perceptions (Residents, politicians, and media), (Potential) Legacies, Planning for legacies; discussions with residents and other stakeholders
• Event Portfolios


  For host regions; why should we host and which events? Selection is dependent on the nature and timing of the event
• Stakeholders


  • Any individual, group, or organization who can impact or be impacted by an organization's/events actions
  • They will make or break an event
• Knowing the Stakeholder Management Process

  1. Determine who surrounds the organization

  2. Determining what each stakeholder wants (their wants and needs)

  3. Determine which stakeholders are more important

  4. Determine what must be done to ensure important stakeholders' needs are met
• Stakeholder benefits and resources

  • Time- volunteers
• Stakeholder engagement strategies


  • Passive: Open forums, Comment-card systems, Displays in public spaces, Organizing committee-led presentations

  Active: Venue-owner-led venue walkabouts, Public meetings, Infromal individual stakeholder meeting, Open-door (communication) policy, Formal liaison committee, Athletes, Stakeholder involvement in environmental assessments
• Stakeholder interests


  • Affiliative
  • Informational
  • Material
  • Political
  • Symbolic
• Leadership Theories


  • Trait approach
  • Style/behaviour
  • Contingency/situational
  • Transactional
  • Charismatic
  • Transformational
• Authentic leadership


  True to yourself; transparent, open