Rationing feeds short of the proper volume or standard requirement in both quantity an nutritional level
Underfeeding
Giving more feed beyond the standard level both in volume and in nutritional requirement
Overfeeding
Feeding enough feedstuff with unbalanced nutritional level, which usually results to nutritional deficiency as when giving ration rich in carbohydrates but less in protein
Unbalanced feeding
Chemical substances found in feed materials that can be used, and are necessary for the maintenance
Nutrients
Needed by animals in definite amounts varying with age, function, use etc.
Nutrients
Part of a feedstuff that can be digested, or broken down
Digestible nutrient
Not easily digested
Fiber
Efficient users of roughage
Ruminants and horses
Three basic functions of feed nutrients:
As structural materials for building and maintaining the body structure
As sources of energy for heat production, work, and/or fat deposition
As regulators of body processes/activities and as constituents of body-produced regulators
Reasons why animals need feed
Maintenance
Growth
Reproduction
Lactation
Working
Other products and uses
Total amount of feed an animal gets in a 24 hour period

Ration
A ration that provides all of the nutrients needed by the animal in the right amount and proportion
Balanced ration
Type and amount of feed and water an animal eats
Diet
6 types of materials that provide nutrients
Carbohydrates
Fats
Proteins
Minerals
Vitamins
Water
Major sources are corn, oats, hay, soybean oil meal and grain sorghum
Carbohydrates
Meat scraps, tankage, cottonseed and fish meal are examples
Fats
Tankage, soybean meal, legume hay, blood meal, feather meal, fish meal and skim milk
Proteins
How many minerals are needed by animals?
18
Six macrominerals needed by animals?
Calcium, salt, phosphorus, magnesium, potassium, and sulfur
Most important vitamins in animals
Vitamins A, D, and B
Most important of all nutrients
Water
Market hog is composed of ()% of water
40%
Newborn calf is composed of ()% of water
70%
More abundant and cheaper
Very easily digested and turned into body fat
Easier storage than fats
Carbohydrates
Complex compounds made of amino acids
Proteins
How to get the amount of protein?
Nitrogen content multiplied by 6.25
Make their own protein
Plants
Insufficient amount of essential proteins
Poor quality protein feeds
Inorganic elements of animals and plants
Minerals
Determined by burning off the organic matter and weighing the residue are called