quiz

• Communicable (infectious) disease

  An illness caused by some specific biological agent or its toxic products that can be transmitted from an infected person, animal, or inanimate reservoir to a susceptible host
• Noncommunicable (noninfectious) disease


  A disease that cannot be transmitted from infected host to susceptible host

  
• Examples of Communicable Diseases

  • Common cold
  • Pneumonia
  • Mumps
  • Measles
  • Pertussis
  • Typhoid fever
  • Cholera
• Examples of Noncommunicable Diseases

  • Appendicitis
  • Poisoning
  • Injury (due to motor vehicle crash, fire, gunshot, etc.)
• Acute disease


  An illness with peak severity of symptoms occurs and subsides within 3 months (usually sooner)
• Chronic disease


  A disease in which symptoms continue longer than 3 months and, in some cases, for the remainder of one's life
• Examples of Communicable Chronic Diseases

  • AIDS
  • Lyme disease
  • Tuberculosis
  • Syphilis
  • Rheumatic fever following streptococcal infections
  • Hepatitis B
• Examples of Noncommunicable Chronic Diseases

  • Diabetes
  • Coronary heart disease
  • Osteoarthritis
  • Cirrhosis of the liver due to alcoholism
• Reservoir


  The source from which an infectious agent is transmitted to a susceptible host
• Types of Reservoirs

  • Human
  • Animal
  • Environmental (plants, soil, water)
• Chain of infection


  A model to conceptualize the transmission of a communicable disease from its source to a susceptible host

  
• Case


  A person who is sick with a disease
• Carrier


  A person or animal that harbors a specific communicable agent in the absence of discernible clinical disease and serves as a potential source of infection to others
• Zoonosis

  A communicable disease transmissible under natural conditions from vertebrate animals to humans
• Anthroponosis


  A disease that infects only humans
• Direct transmission


  The immediate transfer of an infectious agent by direct contact between infected and susceptible individuals
• Indirect transmission


  Transmission of communicable disease involving an intermediate site
• Prevention


  The planning for and taking of action to forestall the onset of a disease or other health problem
• Intervention


  Efforts to control a disease in progress
• Eradication


  The complete elimination or uprooting of a disease (e.g., smallpox eradication)
• Levels of Prevention

  • Primary prevention
  • Secondary prevention
  • Tertiary prevention
• Primary prevention


  Preventive measures that preempt the onset of illness or injury during the prepathogenesis period
• Secondary prevention


  Preventive measures that lead to an early diagnosis and prompt treatment of a disease or injury to limit disability and prevent more severe pathogenesis
• Tertiary prevention


  Measures aimed at rehabilitation following significant pathogenesis
• Factors to understand the spread of a communicable disease

  • Symptoms
  • Causative agent/s
  • Diagnosis
  • Occurrence
  • Reservoir
  • Incubation period
  • Transmission
  • Risk groups
  • Prevention
  • Management of the patient
  • Management of Contacts & the immediate environment
• Noncommunicable Diseases (NCDs)


  Remain a concern for communities, are leading causes of death, can occur in epidemic proportions, have the potential to deplete resources rapidly, have a multi-causation disease model

  
• Multi-causation disease model


  The human host is in the center of a complex environment in which he or she lives, the host has a unique genetic endowment, a multitude of risk factors within the environment may contribute to the disease process
• Modifiable Risk Factors

  • Body weight
  • Salt intake
  • Smoking
  • Exercise
• Non-Modifiable Risk Factors

  • Age
  • Ethnicity
  • Sex
  • Genetics
• Contributing Risk Factors

  Enhances the development and effects of the disease and its complications, includes low socioeconomic status, psychological risk factors, breakdown of social structure
• Four Major Categories of NCDs

  • Cardiovascular Diseases
  • Diabetes
  • Chronic Respiratory Diseases
  • Cancer
• Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)


  A chronic disease characterized by damage to the coronary arteries in the heart, evolves from the condition known as atherosclerosis - narrowing of the blood vessels due to fat build-up along the walls of arteries
• Screening


  A type of secondary prevention, the goal is early detection of the disease to permit early intervention, positive results may require more specific diagnostic procedures
• NCD Best Buys

  Evidenced-based, cost-effective public health interventions to stop and control NCDs, serves as a guide for policy decisions to address the four main diseases and their underlying risk factors
• Philippine Policies/Laws

  • RA 7432: Senior Citizens' Act
  • RA 8749: Clean Air Act
  • RA 10351: Sin Tax Law
  • RA 10611: Food Safety Act
  • RA 10643: Graphic Health Warning Law
  • DOH Belly Gud for Health
  • PhilHealth
  • Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps)
  • No smoking in public places and institutions
  • Establishment of bike lanes
  • Graphic inclusion in cigarette packs