unit iv

• law of conservation of matter


  matter is conserved in any chemical or physical process
• energy 


  low quality heat
• 1st law of thermodynamics


  the conservation of energy
• 2nd law of thermodynamics 


  in any and every spontaneous process, the entropy of the universe increases
• entropy


  measure of disorder
• universe


  increasing disorder
• chemical change 


  rearranged to form new substances
• physical change

  phase changes, no change towards identity
• radiant energy


  comes directly from the sun
• chemical energy


  in bonds of substances; coal, gas, oil
• mechanical energy


  moving or lifting of matter
• potential energy


  stored energy
• kinetic energy


  energy of motion
• electrical energy


  movement of electrons
• nuclear energy


  energy stored in the nuclei of atoms
• matter


  can be recycled indefinitely
• water


  a polar molecule, not found in pure substances
• fresh water


  only 0.0024% is a available
• positive feedback loop


  warming atmosphere melts sea ice
• negative feedback loop


  increasing temperatures
• greenhouse effect


  energy absorbed by earth's surface reradiates upward as infrared energy
• global warming


  long-term heating of earth's surface
• anthropogenic carbon emissions 


  anything caused or produced by humans
• photosynthesis 


  process where organisms use sunlight to create foods from carbon dioxide or water
• respiration


  intake of oxygen and release of carbon dioxide
• carbon sinks


  anything that absorbs carbon from the atmosphere
• combustion


  production of heat and light
• water cycle 


  water within earth's atmosphere
• greenhouse gases


  ozone, carbon dioxide, methane, water, & nitrous oxide
• ozone


  $o3$
• nitrous oxide


  $n2o$
• carbon dioxide


  $co2$
• water


  $h2o$
• methane


  $ch4$
• coriolis effect


  air is deflected from the right of the northern hemisphere toward left of the southern hemisphere
• polar easterlies


  flows from poles towards 60 degrees south and north
• western easterlies 


  30 and 60 degrees north and south of the equator
• high-pressure weather system 


  cells rotate clockwise
• low-pressure air system


  cells rotate counter-clockwise
• el nino weather pattern


  pattern spreads rain