30- vaccines

• Types of Vaccines

  • Inactivated (dead)
  • Attenuated (live but not virulent)
  • Subunit (recombinant protein from pathogen)
  • RNA/DNA vaccine
• Inactivated vaccines


  • Quickest, easiest
  • Contains PAMPS so can induce fever or granulomas, if dose is too low, get no response
• Attenuated vaccines


  • Live but not virulent
• Subunit vaccines


  • Recombinant protein from pathogen
• RNA/DNA vaccines

  • Expresses protein intracellularly, good for viruses
• Adjuvant


  Activates the innate immune response which is essential for the second signal
• Attenuated vaccines don't need adjuvant because they already have the mechanisms since it is a whole organism
• Particulates


  Convert soluble material into particulates to form clumps: Makes it easier for macrophages to phagocytose
• For extracellular pathogens

  • T cell epitope: for MHC activation of CD4 Th1 cells
  • B cell epitope: for AB to bind
  • Carrier is AG is too small
• For viral pathogens

  • T Cell epitope: MHC activation of T cell
  • Adjuvant for 2nd signal
• Herd Immunity


  Need a minimum of 85% but always better to have higher