Claire

• Soil-water-plant relationship


  Lies at the heart of agricultural science and plays an essential role in sustaining life on Earth
• Understanding the intricate interplay between soil, water, and plants is essential for optimizing agricultural productivity, conserving water resources, and ensuring environmental sustainability
• Soil


  • The planet's "outer layer", a vibrant and complex ecosystem teeming with life
  • Acts as the bedrock for plant growth, providing essential support, nutrients, and water for life to flourish
  • The composition, structure, and characteristics of soil deeply influence its ability to hold and release water, thus shaping interactions between plants and water
• Plants


  • Remarkably skilled in utilizing soil and water resources to fulfill their metabolic needs and sustain their growth and reproduction
  • Actively regulate water uptake, transpiration, and nutrient acquisition through a complex network of roots and specialized structures, creating a delicate balance between water availability and their demands
• Water


  • The lifeblood of all living things, its accessibility significantly impacts agricultural production and the health of ecosystems
  • Within the soil, water exists in various forms, ranging from freely draining to tightly held films around soil particles
  • Understanding the dynamics of soil moisture and how water moves within various soil layers is crucial for managing irrigation effectively, optimizing nutrient uptake by plants, and minimizing water-related stresses
• The Soil-Water Range and Its Role In

  • Nutrient Transport
  • Soil Structure
• The Implication of Soil Moisture In Plant Growth And Development

  • Cell Turgidity and Structure
  • Photosynthesis and Carbon Assimilation
  • Transpiration and Cooling
  • Flowering and Fruit Set
  • Stress Response and Adaptation

  
• Water as the Medium of Nutrient Transport

  • Capillary Action and Soil Moisture Redistribution
  • Soil Structure and Pore Space Distribution
  • Role of Soil Texture and Organic Matter
  • Impact on Soil Biogeochemical Processes
  • Management Implications and Environmental Sustainability
• Different Methods for Measuring Soil Moisture

  • Gravimetric Method
  • Tensiometers
  • Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR)
  • Soil Moisture Sensors

  
• Gravimetric Method


  A traditional technique that involves measuring the weight of soil samples before and after drying to determine soil moisture content

  
• Tensiometers


  Measure soil water tension or suction, which indicates the energy required for plants to extract water from the soil

  
• Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR)


  Measures soil moisture by sending electromagnetic pulses through the soil and analyzing the time it takes for the pulses to return to the sensor

  
• Soil Moisture Sensors


  Use various technologies to measure the dielectric constant or electrical resistance of the soil, which correlates with soil moisture content

  
• Factors Influencing Plant Water Requirements

  • Plant Species and Growth Stage
  • Environmental Conditions (Temperature, Humidity, Wind)
  • Soil Properties (Texture, Structure, Depth)
• Methods for Estimating Crop Water Requirements

  • FAO Penman-Monteith Method
  • Meteorological Data
  • Calculation Procedure

  
• FAO Penman-Monteith Method


  • Based on sound physical principles and provides accurate estimates of reference evapotranspiration under a wide range of climatic conditions
  • Accounts for the effects of temperature, humidity, wind speed, and solar radiation on evapotranspiration rates, making it suitable for diverse agroclimatic regions
  • Widely used by researchers, irrigation practitioners, and policymakers for water resource management and irrigation planning

  
• Water Uptake by Plants

  • Root Hair Absorption
  • Root Cortex and Endodermis
  • Apoplastic and Symplastic Pathways
  • Endodermal Casparian Strip
  • Xylem Transport
  • Transpiration Pull
• Root Hair Absorption


  • Water uptake begins at the root hairs, which are tiny, hair-like extensions of root epidermal cells
  • Root hairs greatly increase the surface area of the roots, enhancing their ability to absorb water and nutrients from the soil
  • Water moves into root hairs by osmosis, driven by the difference in water potential between the soil solution and the root cells
• Root Cortex and Endodermis

  • Once water enters the root hairs, it moves into the root cortex, the region between the epidermis and the vascular tissues
  • The endodermis, a specialized layer of cells surrounding the vascular tissues, regulates the movement of water and ions into the root
  • The Casparian strip, a band of impermeable material in the endodermal cell walls, forces water and solutes to pass through the selectively permeable plasma membranes of endodermal cells
• Apoplastic and Symplastic Pathways

  Water can enter the root through two pathways: the apoplastic pathway (through the cell walls and intercellular spaces) and the symplastic pathway (through the cytoplasm of the root cells)
• Endodermal Casparian Strip


  • The Casparian strip in the endodermis acts as a barrier to water and solutes, forcing them to cross the selectively permeable plasma membranes of endodermal cells
  • This selective barrier ensures that only water and essential nutrients pass into the vascular tissues of the root, while potentially harmful substances are excluded
• Xylem Transport


  Once water and nutrients have crossed the endodermis, they enter the xylem vessels, specialized tubes that transport water and minerals upward from the roots to the shoots
• Transpiration Pull


  • Transpiration creates tension in the water column within the xylem vessels, causing water molecules to be pulled upward through the plant from the roots to the leaves
  • This phenomenon, known as the transpiration pull, relies on the cohesive properties of water molecules, which adhere to each other and to the walls of the xylem vessels
• Regulation of Water Uptake

  • Environmental Prompts (Soil Moisture Levels, Temperature and Humidity, Light Intensity)
  • Internal Water Status (Turgor Pressure, Osmotic Adjustment, Stomatal Regulation)
  • Hormonal Regulation (Abscisic Acid, Other Hormones)
  • Root-to-Shoot Signaling
• Soil Texture and Water Dynamics

  • Sand, Silt, and Clay: Soil texture refers to the relative proportions of sand, silt, and clay particles in the soil
  • Water Retention: Sandy soils have larger particles and pore spaces, allowing water to drain quickly but offering low water retention capacity. Clay soils, with smaller particles, hold water tightly but may suffer from poor drainage. Silt soils have intermediate characteristics
  • Drainage: Sandy soils have good drainage but may require frequent irrigation. Clay soils have poor drainage and can become waterlogged, affecting root health and plant growth
• Soil Structure


  • Aggregate Stability: Soil structure refers to the arrangement of soil particles into aggregates or clumps. Aggregates with good stability resist breakdown and promote soil aeration and drainage
  • Porosity: Soil porosity, the volume of pore spaces in the soil, affects water movement and root penetration. Well-structured soils have adequate porosity, allowing water to infiltrate and roots to explore the soil profile

  
• Soil Depth and Water Availability


  • Root Exploration: Deeper soils provide more room for root exploration and access to water stored in lower soil layers. Shallow soils limit root growth and may lead to water stress during dry periods
  • Water Availability: Soil depth influences water availability to plants, with deeper soils generally holding more water reserves. However, excessive depth may lead to leaching of nutrients and waterlogging
• Role of Soil Horizons


  • A Horizon (Topsoil): Rich in organic matter and nutrients, plays a crucial role in water retention and root development
  • B Horizon (Subsoil): Contains minerals leached from the A horizon, may have different texture and water-holding capacity
  • C Horizon (Parent Material): Consists of weathered rock fragments and minerals, has limited influence on water storage but may affect root penetration

  
• Irrigation systems are essential components of modern agriculture, enabling efficient and controlled delivery of water to crops

  
• In the Philippines, irrigation plays a vital role in the agricultural landscape where agriculture is a significant sector of the economy
• Types of irrigation systems commonly used in the Philippines

  • Surface Irrigation
  • Subsurface Irrigation
  • Sprinkler Irrigation
  • Center Pivot Irrigation
  • Drip Irrigation
  • Pump Irrigation Systems
  • National Irrigation Systems (NIS)
  • Communal Irrigation Systems
  • Small-Scale and Traditional Irrigation Methods
  • Rainwater Harvesting Systems

  
• Surface Irrigation


  • Water is distributed over the soil surface and allowed to infiltrate
  • Typically used for row crops such as grains, corn, and cotton

  
• Sprinkler Irrigation


  • Water is distributed through a system of pipes and sprayed into the air, simulating natural rainfall
  • Suitable for a wide range of crops, including vegetables, fruits, and field crops

  
• Drip Irrigation


  • Water is delivered directly to the root zone of plants through a network of pipes and emitters
  • Highly efficient method suitable for all types of crops, especially in arid regions

  
• Subsurface Irrigation


  • Water is applied directly to the root zone below the soil surface through buried pipes or tubes
  • Ideal for water-sensitive crops and areas with high evaporation rates

  
• Center Pivot Irrigation


  • Equipment rotates around a pivot point, creating circular irrigated fields
  • Often used for large-scale agriculture and suitable for flat or gently sloping terrain

  
• National Irrigation Systems (NIS)

  • Large-scale irrigation networks managed and operated by the National Irrigation Administration (NIA)
  • Provide water to rice fields and other crops across the country

  
• Communal Irrigation Systems


  • Smaller-scale irrigation schemes managed by local communities or irrigation associations
  • Water distribution and maintenance are managed collectively by farmers

  
• Pump Irrigation Systems


  • Use pumps to lift water from rivers, streams, or groundwater sources for irrigation
  • Commonly used in areas where gravity-fed irrigation is not feasible

  
• Small-Scale and Traditional Irrigation Methods


  • Include traditional techniques such as furrow irrigation, basin irrigation, and manual watering
  • Primarily employed by smallholder farmers and in remote rural areas