1.1 2015PSY

• Concept of Emerging adulthood

  -A time between adolescents' reliance on parents and adults' long-term commitments in love and work

  -Arose in the 21st century
• Normative age-graded influences


  are those biological and environmental factors that have a strong correlation with chronological age, such as puberty or menopause, or age-based social practices such as beginning school or entering retirement.
• Normative history-graded influences


  Why people born at the same time (cohort) tend to be similar-impact in a generation
• Non-normative life events


  Unusual occurrences that have a major impact on an individual's life, independent of the historical period
• Traditionalist


  -Tech:Radio-Went through:Depression, WWII, Communism-Jobs:Jobs for life-Family:Nuclear family
• Baby boomers


  Tech: TV, cassette

  Went through:Vietnam war, JFK, Sexual revolution, civil rights, moon landing

  Jobs:Driven, workaholic, job change in the field

  Family:Higher divorce rates, mum at home
• Gen X


  -Tech:VCR/DVD, mobile phone, PC-Went through:Apartheid, Berlin wall, AIDS-Jobs:Work smarter not harder, career change-Family:Dual income, Mum works, daycare
• Gen Y/Millenials


  -Tech:internet, social media-Went through:9/11, columbine, bali, war on terror-Jobs:Multi-tasking, Entrepreneurial, parallel careers-Family:Merged families
• Developmental theories

  -Psychoanalytic theories

  -Behaviourist theories

  -Cognitive developmental theories

  -Ethological & evolutionary theories

  -Ecological theories
• Freud


  • Psychoanalytic Developmental theories
  • Biological and social conflicts move people through stages
  • Psychosexual stages and integration of the ID, ego and superego
  • Emphasised the importance of the parent-child relationship on development
• Erikson


  - Psychoanalytic Developmental theories-Psychosocial theory

  -Saw development as continuing through the lifespan

  -Psychosocial conflict at each life stage
• Erikson's Psychosocial Theory -

  Birth to 1yr

  Basic trust vs mistrust
• Erikson's Psychosocial Theory -


  1 to 3yrs

  Autonomy vs shame and doubt
• Erikson's Psychosocial Theory -

  3 to 6yrsInitiative vs guilt
• Erikson's Psychosocial Theory -

  6 to 11yrsIndustry vs inferiority
• Erikson's Psychosocial Theory -

  11 to 21yrsIdentity vs role confusion
• Erikson's Psychosocial Theory -

  21 to 39yrsIntimacy vs isolation
• Erikson's Psychosocial Theory -

  40 to 65yrsGenerativity vs stagnation
• Erikson's Psychosocial Theory -

  65+Integrity vs despair
• Bandura on social learning theory

  - Behaviourism Developmental theoriesWe learn social behaviour by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished
• Traditional behaviourism psychologists

  - Behaviourism Developmental theories-Pavlov:classical conditioning-Watson:little Albert-Skinner:operant conditioning theory
• • piaget(children develop through brain maturation and manipulation, exploration of environment)
  • information processingtheories(development similar to computer, information is attended to, encoded, stored and decoded)
  • Vygotsky's sociocultural theory(development is soically mediated, varies across culture)
• Piaget


  - Cognitive Developmental theoriesChildren develop through brain maturation, manipulation, and exploration of environment, rather than reinforcement
• Information-processing theories


  - Cognitive Developmental theoriesViews development similar to the computer model. Info is attended to, encoded, stored and decoded
• Vygotsky's sociocultural theory- Cognitive Developmental theories

  Learning as a social process and the origination of human intelligence in society or culture
• Lorenz


  - Ethological & evolutionary Developmental theoriesImprinting occurs when an animal forms an attachment to the first thing it sees upon hatching
• Bowlby

  - Ethological & evolutionary Developmental theoriesChildren are born with a biologically-programmed tendency to seek and remain close to attachment figures for survival
• Bronfenbrenner

  - Ethological Developmental theoriesChronosystem:

  > Microsystem (immediate surroundings)

  > Mesosystem (connections)

  > Exosystem (broauder social settings)

  > Macrosystem (cultural context)

  
• Biodirectional environmental influences


  The behaviours of each family member affect the behaviours of others. Eg. A cooperative child also makes the parent more cooperative
• Direct environmental influences


  Parents who use harsh discipline have more aggressive children, those children are more likely to invoke harsh discipline on their children
• Indirect environmental influences

  Third parties can have a positive or negative influence on development
• Socioeconomic status (SES)


  A division of population based on occupation, income, and education.
• Things that influence SES

  -Family size

  -Age of parenting

  -Time & resources available for engaged parenting

  -Higher parental education

  -Differences in values, expectations and behaviours
• Lower interaction at dinner time for adolencence

  Leads to higher anxiety, depression, delinquency, substance use and poor school grades
• Environment and genetics determine/influence

  -Physiological health

  -Psychological Health

  -Attachments

  -Emotional regulation
• Epigenetics


  Bidirectional influences of heredity and environment on behaviour / The study of influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change
• Kinship studies


  Helps determine the degree and nature of behaviours hereditary vs environmental basis
• Twin studies


  Shows influence genetic relatedness and some environmental factors
• Adoption studies


  Shows influence of environmental factors and some genetic relatedness
• Mz twins


  Occur when a single egg cell is fertilized by a single sperm cell. The resulting zygote splits into two very early in development, leading to the formation of two separate embryos. 100% shared genetics