Islam

• Abrahamic faiths


  the religions of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, which share a common ancestor of the prophet Abraham(Ibrahim)
• Caliph


  An Islamic title assigned to a spiritual and secular(non-religious) leader
• Caliphate


  An area under the control of a Muslim ruler called a caliph(spiritual leader of Islam)
• hadith


  the words and actions of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and his successors that, along with the Quran, form the fundamental basis for Islamic law
• hajj


  The Islamic pilgrimage (journey) to Mecca (Muhammad’s birthplace)
• hijra


  An Arabic term meaning “emigration” that describes a defining moment for early Muslims as they fled Mecca for Medina(second most holy city of Islam)
• imam


  the Religious Leader of Shia Muslims
• Shia Muslims


  Believe that Ali and his descendants are part of a divine order
• Sunni Muslims


  Opposed to political succession based on Muhammad’s bloodline
• islamization


  the process of bringing someone or something under the influence of Islam or under Islamic rule
• Rashidun


  A term meaning "rightly guided" that describes the first four caliphs after Muhammad's death: Abu, Bakr, Umar, Uthmam, and Ali
• Ulama


  A class of religious clerics and scholars who act as the primary interpreters of Islamic law
• ummah


  the community of Muslims
• chivalry


  the medieval knightly system with its religious, moral, and social code to Christianize knightly violence and behavior
• Cluniac reform


  A movement that aimed to limit the influence of aristocrats in church matters
• aristocrat


  someone from the ruling class, usually those with money, nobility, or both
• dynatoi


  Members of the Byzantine elite who often compromised imperial authority
• feudalism


  a collection of practices that bound lesser lords to greater lords through land and privileges given in return for personal and military support
• Great Schism of 1054


  The conflict that solidified the separation of the eastern and western Christian churches
• Jihad


  a religiously infused conflict waged on behalf of Islam, or any struggle a Muslim undertakes in the name of Allah(heart,sword,soul)
• mamluks


  educated, formerly enslaved men who served as soldiers and administrators in Islamic societies beginning in the ninth century
• manorialism


  a medieval economic system of agricultural production directed by a lord and carried out by serfs or other varieties of unfree laborers
• surfism

  the peaceful and mystical dimension of Islam
• salafism


  calls for Muslims to cling tightly to the original practice of Muhammad and the early Muslims
• Outremer


  The French name for the four Crusader states create after the first Crusade, the County of Edessa, the Principality of Antioch, the County of Tripoli, and the Kingdom of Jerusalem
• Papacy


  the set of administrative structures associated with the government of the Catholic Church primarily-but not exclusively-linked with the city of rome
• Sultan


  A ruler who claims authority over the Islamic community but not necessarily the title of caliph
• Serfs


  Unfree peasants who owed labor to feudal lord and lived under the lord's authority
• Mawaii


  Non-Arab converts to Islam in the early Islamic period who had to be adopte by an Arab tribe as part of the conversion process
• Quran


  The holy scripture of Islam, which Muslims believe was given to humanity by God through Muhammad
• Crusade 


  a series of religious wars between Christians and Muslims started primarily to secure control of holy sites considered sacred by both groups(1096-1291)
• The monotheistic religions of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam share a common trait of believing in one god, but are also connected in having a prophetic figure known as Abraham.
• Abraham was extremely faithful in God, so he built a house of worship in Mecca(most holy city) which today is used for praying and he is also known to be the ancestor of all Arabs. 
• Abraham the first person to settle in what becomes Mecca in his story called Ibrahim
• Abraham built the Kaaba there, Muslims call it the house of God and the most Sacred site in Islam
• In the period of jahilyyah, Muslims believed that Arabs started to forget about monotheism and worshipped other idols and as a result God sent Muhammad.