Metals

• Ores


  Minerals found in the Earth's crust that contain metal compounds, from which metals can be extracted
• Name of ore


  • rock salt
  • bauxite
• Metal compound


  • sodium chloride
  • aluminium oxide
• Reactivity series


  Method used to extract metals from their ores depends on the reactivity of the metal
• Reactivity series


  • Potassium
  • Sodium
  • Magnesium
  • Aluminium
  • (Carbon)
  • Zinc
  • Iron
  • Tin
  • Lead
  • Copper
  • Silver
  • Gold
• Gold and silver are examples of metals that are found native
• The most reactive metals are extracted by electrolysis, while those towards the middle of the reactivity series can be chemically reduced
• Displacement reactions


  A more reactive metal will displace a less reactive metal from a solution of one of its salts
• Competition reactions


  A more reactive metal will remove oxygen from the oxide of a less reactive metal when a mixture of the two is heated
• Transition metals


  • Found in the centre of the Periodic Table
  • Display typical metallic properties
  • Many are useful catalysts
  • Can form more than one type of ion
  • Their compounds are often coloured
• Transition metal ions


  • Fe2+
  • Fe3+
  • Cu2+
• Colour of transition metal ion compounds/solutions

  Fe2+ - pale green

  Fe3+ - brown

  Cu2+ - blue
• Testing for transition metal ions

  Use a solution of sodium hydroxide
• Transition metal ion tests

  • Cu2+(aq) + 2OH–(aq) → Cu(OH)2(s) (blue precipitate)

  Fe2+(aq) + 2OH–(aq) → Fe(OH)2(s) (green precipitate)

  Fe3+(aq) + 2OH–(aq) → Fe(OH)3(s) (orange/brown precipitate)
• Alloy


  A mixture made by mixing molten metals, whose properties can be modified by changing its composition
• Types of steel


  • Mild steel (iron plus 0.15-0.3% carbon) - malleable, ductile and easily shaped

  High carbon steel (iron plus 0.7-1.5% carbon) - harder but more brittle
• Blast furnace


  Iron ore, limestone and coke are added

  Oxygen from hot air reacts with carbon (coke) to form carbon monoxide (exothermic)

  Carbon monoxide then reacts with iron(III) oxide to give iron

  Limestone decomposes to form calcium oxide, which reacts with silicon dioxide to form slag
• Oxidation


  Gain of oxygen
• Reduction


  Loss of oxygen
• Raw materials for blast furnace

  • Iron ore: source of iron

  Coke: as a fuel and to produce carbon monoxide for the reduction

  Limestone: to remove impurities (slag formation)

  Hot air: provides oxygen so that coke can burn