Examples

• Rural-Urban Migration (Mongolia)

  Ulaanbaatar=capital and main destination

  90% becoming desert

  3.278 million population
• Rural Mongolia Push Factors

  Social-lack of teachers, lack of community feel as so few people, not much diversity

  Economic-climate change, means livestock farming is not a sustainable way to make a living

  Environmental-climate change (90% desert), lack of snow to protect farm land, dzud winters (-50 degrees)

  Political-fall of soviet control has caused economic instability
• Urban Mongolia Pull Factors

  Schools and education

  Jobs

  Better housing
• Reality of urban Mongolia

  Overpopulated Ger districts-20% live in Ger

  Few jobs-unskilled workers

  Little economic activity

  Education and health services stretched

  Smog pollutiom
• Urban-Urban Migration (Exeter)


  Exeter to Cranbrook, new town on the edge of the city
• Push Factors in Exeter


  Congestion

  No room to expand

  Increased house prices

  Lack of green space
• Pull Factors in Cranbrook

  Cheaper

  More green spaces

  Less pollution

  Train and bus services mean commuting is possible

  60% can afford a home
• Urban-Urban Migration (Rio)


  People move from Rio de Janeiro to the Barra

  Barra is 32km from Rio and makes up 5% of Rio's population
• Pull Factors of Barra

  Safer-guards at apartment complexes

  Coastal motorway-allows commuting

  Shopping malls

  Work-jobs

  Higher HDI

  Less polluted
• Push Factors of Rio


  Little leisure space

  Favelas-high crime rates

  Very polluted and congested

  1,245 murders in 2020
• Urban-Rural Migration (Spain)


  People moving from Malaga + Granada to Andalucia, southern most region of Spain
• Push factors of Malaga

  Crowded

  Congested

  High levels of air and noise pollution

  High property prices

  High crime rates
• Pull factors of Andalucia

  Cool fresh air

  Lower property prices

  Opportunity to have a larger house with a garden for less money

  Able to commute/travel as a series of new motorways have been built
• Intra-Urban Migration (Exeter/New Zealand)


  Happens due to changes in an individuals family life cycle and their employment status.

  e.g Exeter:

  -First house in CBD (1 bed flat)

  -Move to a larger 2 bed house just outside city centre

  -Move to the outskirts with large family

  -Move to smaller house when without children and much older
• Voluntary International Migration-Poland to Uk


  Many polish and Eastern Europeans are migrating to the UK
• Poland push factors

  •High unemployment 210%) at home.

  •Low wages (1⁄3 of average EU wage).

  •Housing shortage (300 homes/1000 people).
• Uk pull factors

  -Poland joined the EU in 2003, which allowed free movement due to the schnengen agreement

  -job vacancies in the UK

  -A8 country
• Forced International Migration-Rohingyas

  'One of, if not the most, discriminated people in the worldd'

  -denied citizenship in Myanmar

  -288 villages burned in Ralchine

  -Rape, murder and abuse by the military

  -Locals don't want them, seen as terrorists

  -Migrate to Bangladesh
• Where do the Rohingyas migrate to?

  -Bangladesh

  -Refugee camps set up over night

  Have to walk for days through jungles and mountains
• Forced International Migration-Syria

  -war since 2011, due to Arab spring uprisings

  -13.6 million displaced

  -500,000 killed

  Leaving due to war, chemical weapons, torture
• Case Study-North American Triangle (NAT)

  Guatemala, El Salvador and Honduras
• NAT Push Factors

  All suffer from economic and political instability, caused by the civil war in 1960

  Gang culture very bad-scared to stay

  One of the poorest regions in N.Hemisphere

  High levels of corruption, lead to human rights being breached
• Who is leaving NAT

  Women-gender based violence

  More than 2 million left NAT since 2014

  Single men make the journey
• Reality of life in Mexico and USA

  High cost of living-hard to find a home

  Asylum seekers-don't necessarily qualify

  Always discriminated wherever they go

  85% say its hard to get a good job or do well with ought learning English-language barrior