Q4 - MELC 1

• Research - It is an investigation or experimentation aimed at the discovery and interpretation of facts, revision of accepted theories or laws in the light of new facts, or practical application of such new or revised theories or laws.
• Research is the process of collecting and analyzing data. It is a systematic study to generate or discover knowledge.
• Research Question - is an answerable inquiry into a specific concern or issue. It defines what problem or opportunity you’re looking at and what your research goals are.
• Research Data - is any information that has been collected, observed, generated or created to validate original research findings.
• Hypothesis - a supposition or proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as starting point for further investigation.
• Variable - refers to a person, place, thing, or phenomenon that you are trying to measure in some way
• An independent variable is the variable you think as the cause.
• The dependent variable is the effect caused by the independent variable.
• In an experiment, you manipulate the independent variable and measure the result in dependent variable.
• Subject - is the individual that participates in research.
• Research subjects are referred to as participants of the study.
• In a research conducted to a group of students, these students who participate and are the focus of the study are called subjects of the research.
• Sample - refers to a smaller version of a larger group or subset of a larger population.
• Sampling Method - is a procedure for selecting sample members from a population.
• Stratified Random Sampling - is a type of random sampling wherein the population is divided into subgroups based on certain characteristics (strata) and then randomly select individuals within each stratum.
• Random Sampling - is a sampling method where every member of the population has equal chance of being selected.
• The three common sampling methods are random sampling, stratified sampling and cluster sampling.
• Cluster Sampling - is a type of non-probability sampling technique that involves dividing the population into groups or clusters and then randomly selecting one or more clusters.
• Method - a way, technique or process of doing something. These are procedures for collecting and analyzing data.
• Common methods are surveys, interviews, observation, Focus Group Discussions (FGD), etc.
• When planning your methods, there are two things to consider: (1) how you will collect data, and (2) how you will analyze the data you have collected.
• For quantitative data, you can use statistical analysis methods to test relationship between variables.
• Data Analysis - refers to the processes by which researchers examine their raw data to draw conclusions about the relationships among different variables.
• For qualitative data, you can use methods such as thematic analysis to interpret patterns and meanings in the data.
• Limitations of the study - are potential weaknesses, restrictions and constraints within the research design that may influence the outcomes and conclusions of the research.
• Primary Source - artifacts, handwritten love letter, diary, audio recording, birth certificate.
• Secondary Sources - English textbook, encyclopedia, magazine
• Quantitative research is expressed in numbers and graphs. It is used to test or confirm theories or assumptions.
• Qualitative research on the other hand is expressed in words. It is used to understand concepts, thoughts or experiences.
• Primary Sources are immediate, first-hand accounts of a topic, from people who had a direct connection with it.
• Secondary Sources are one step removed from primary sources, though they often quote or otherwise use primary sources. 
• Descriptive - taking measurements of something as it is.
• Experimental - perform a study through an experiment.
• Descriptive - It is research study that can answer what, where, when and how questions, but not why questions.
• Experimental - a study conducted with a scientific approach using two sets of variables.