Policies

• Psychoanalysis


  a therapy where patients verbalise their thoughts through a variety of methods, aiming to access the unconscious mind where repressed trauma causing criminal behaviour
• psychoanalysis psychologist


  Freud
• Psychoanalysis strengths


  evidence suggests it works as well as CBT
• Psychoanalysis weaknesses


  -time consuming

  -few positive evaluations of it with offenders

  -not used, as it isn't scientific
• token economy


  type of behavior modification in which desired behavior is rewarded with tokens, later exchanged for treats
• Token economy psychologist


  skinner
• Token economies- Fo and 0'Donnel


  Made a 'buddy system', where adult volunteers were given a young offender to provide constant reinforcement. Behaviour improved for serious offenders, but not for less serious offenders
• token economy strengths


  easy to implement and popular in prisons
• token economy weakness


  - don't lead to long term changes in behaviour

  -Can be seen as unethical to withhold privileges

  -Don't change/ reduce disobedient behaviours

  -Don't work for everyone
• Omega 3


  Fatty acid found in fish profucts
• What did Gesch et al find? omega 3

  Prisoners violent behaviours decreased when given daily omega 3 vitamin
• What is the concentration of omega 3 in the blood associated with


  aggression and ADHD
• foods with omega 3

  -Walnuts

  -Flax Seeds

  -Sardines

  -Salmon
• Tartrazine


  an artificial food colouring in yellow/ orange foods
• what are high levels of tartrazine associated with

  hyperactivity
• foods containing tartrazine


  custard, fanta, orange juice
• Vitamin B3 (Niacin)


  helps convert food into energy, create and repair DNA, antioxidants effects, increases good cholesterol
• What does B3 do

  - high levels are seen to lower violent behaviour

  -used to treat forms of schizophrenia
• What is B3 found in


  meat, fish, wheat, flour, eggs
• Seratonin


  A neurotransmitter that regulates our mood, low levels linked to to aggression
• foods containing seratonin


  eggs, cheese, salmon
• Policy development for foods

  most UK prisons embrace good food model to provide a nutritionally balanced and healthy diet, with tartrazine, but with B3, omega 3 and seratonin
• Biochemical strengths

  -studies support this

  -scientific measures to obtain data-blood tests
• Biochemical weaknesses


  -no control group used in research

  -studies only show correlations, not causes

  -lots of participants dropped out of studies
• Death penalty


  The punishment of execution, administered to someone legally convicted of a capital crime
• Methods of death penalty

  lethal injection, electrocution, lethal gas, hanging, firing squad
• Death penalty dates


  1500=8 crimes formally defined-treason, murder, rape

  1700=bloody code-many executions

  1868=Prison act-public hangings ended

  1969=death penalty abolished in UK

  2017=142 countries abolish death penalty
• aversion therapy-eyesenck


  treatment for sex offenders
• aversion therapy procedure


  - offenders think about unacceptable fantasy until aroused

  -strongly aversive stimulus, like electric shock

  -procedure repeated until offender associated deviant arousal and stimulus to stop thoughts and behaviours
• Merton and subcultural theories

  -policies to tackle poverty

  -equal opportunities in school

  -education in prison
• policies to tackle poverty

  benefits, better wages/jobs to reduce crime, as everyone gets an equal chance of achieving success
• equal opportunities in schools

  treat school children equally, to reduce failure rates, making them less likely to have frustration with status and join delinquent subcultures
• education in prison


  education in prison would help inmates get good jobs, reading age of 11 for half prisoners in UK
• labelling theory


  -decriminalisation

  -diversion policies
• decriminalisation-labelling


  fewer people would be labelled as criminals if minor offences decriminalised, so prevention of getting jobs and further offending is minimalised
• diversion policies


  aim to keep offender out of justice system. some policies are informal-police use discretion not to charge someone, or formal- avoiding prosecution by being required to attend anger management
• left realism


  -policies to reduce inequality

  -democratic policing

  -multi-agency approach
• policies to reduce inequality


  reducing relative deprivation by tacking discrimination, inequality and unfairness by providing good jobs and housing
• democratic policing


  police losing public support and are widely distrusted, meaning they don't report crime. This means they have to rely on 'military policing', which creates further disruption. Therefore police must involve communities in deciding priories.
• multi-agency approach


  crime control must involve other agencies apart from the police, who can improve facilities and provide alternatives to crime