Plant Structures

• Sex prem
• another person
• lot of blood
• Photosynthesis is one the most important reactions on Earth
• Plants and Algae Make Their Own Food by Photosynthesis

  1. Carbon dioxide + water

  2. LIGHT

  3. Glucose + oxygen
• Photosynthesis is an endothermic reaction
• Factors that can affect the rate of photosynthesis

  • Light intensity
  • Carbon dioxide
  • Temperature
• These factors are known as limiting factors
• Investigating the rate of photosynthesis using pondweed

  1. Set up apparatus

  2. Place light at set distance

  3. Measure volume of oxygen produced

  4. Repeat with different light distances

  5. Calculate rate of oxygen production
• You can also investigate rate of photosynthesis using algal balls
• Root hairs take in minerals and water
• Transpiration is the loss of water from the plant
• Transpiration pulls water up from the roots through the plant
• Phloem tubes transport food
• Xylem tubes take water up
• Stomata are involved in transpiration
• Stomata


  • Open when guard cells are swollen
  • Closed when guard cells are shrunken
• Transpiration rate is affected by light intensity, air flow, and temperature
• Using a potometer to estimate transpiration rate


  1. Set up equipment

  2. Record starting position of air bubble

  3. Start stopwatch

  4. Measure distance bubble moves in set time

  5. Calculate transpiration rate
• Things transported in plants

  • Minerals
  • Water
  • Food
• Stomata control water loss from the plant
• Guard cells regulate the opening and closing of stomata based on environmental conditions such as light intensity and humidity.
• Stomata are small openings on leaves, stems, and other plant surfaces that allow gases to enter or exit the leaf.
• The epidermis is the outermost layer of cells that covers all above-ground plant parts.
• Epidermal cells have a waxy cuticle covering their surface which helps prevent excessive water loss through evaporation.
• When the concentration of solutes increases due to uptake of water, the guard cells become turgid and flatten outward, causing the stomatal pore to close.
• Translocation is the movement of food substances within the phloem tissue of plants.
• Phloem tissue consists of sieve tubes with companion cells, which work together to move sugars produced by photosynthesis throughout the plant.
• When the concentration of solutes increases due to uptake of water, the guard cells become turgid and flatten outward, causing the stomatal pore to close.
• If the concentration of solutes decreases due to loss of water through osmosis, the guard cells lose their turgor pressure and shrink, allowing the stomatal pore to open wider.
• The guard cells surrounding the stomatal pore can expand or contract depending on the concentration of solutes inside them, which affects the size of the pore.
• Increased CO2 levels can cause stomata to remain closed even when there is sufficient moisture, reducing transpiration but also limiting gas exchange.
• Root hairs increase the surface area available for absorption.
• Xylem transports water and dissolved mineral salts upwards from the root system to the rest of the plant.
• Translocation refers to the movement of organic compounds within plants, specifically sugars produced by photosynthesis being transported throughout the plant.
• Stomata are small pores found on leaves that allow gaseous exchange between the leaf and atmosphere.
• Plant roots absorb minerals and water from soil.
• Stomata are small openings on the underside of leaves that allow gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2) and oxygen (O2) to enter or exit the leaf.
• Stomata are small openings on the underside of leaves that allow gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2) and oxygen (O2) to enter and exit the leaf.
• Phloem tissue consists of sieve tube elements connected end-to-end with perforated walls, allowing fluid to flow between them.