Alluvial deposits, sediment deposited from high energy environments will be large clasts and low energy environments will deposit fine clasts like clay.
Densities:
Platinum
Gold
Iron
Tin
Diamonds
Gravel
Sand
Clay
processes involved in sedimentation:
Weathering
Erosion
Deposition
Compaction and burial
Cementation
Biological sediments are found from marine environments, made from shells, coral and coccolithophores.
Proterozoic marine sediments contain iron ore deposits. Dissolved iron compounds oxidise and precipitate out of solution and are deposited on the sea bed.
Evaporites are formed when a body of water evaporates and minerals are left behind.
Calcite
Gypsum
Anhydrite
Halite
Potassium-magnesium salts
Biological deposits are things like coal and oil. Found in delta sequences