Genetics - M1

• Genetics


  The study of how the characteristics of organisms are passed from parents to offspring
• Geneticists requirements and functions

  • Have/how to replicate so that the copies could be transmitted from parent to offspring
  • Have/how to encode information to guide the development, functioning, and behavior of the cells and organism to which they belong
  • Have/how to change, even if only once in a great while to account for the differences that exist among individuals
• Mendel's contribution to genetics

  • Studied several genes in garden peas
  • Genes exist in different forms called alleles
  • Genes are discrete entities
  • Genes are inherited independently of each other
• Mendel's discoveries were published

  1866
• In 1990 Mendel's paper came to light and the science of genetics was born
• Ernst Haeckel


  • Correctly predicted that the heredity materials were located in nucleus
• Friedrich Miescher


  • Showed the material in the nucleus was a nucleic acid
• Development of the chromosomal theory led to the advent of the field of cytogenetics
• Alleles are different versions of genes that can be inherited from parents.
• Genetics


  The study of how the characteristics of organisms are passed from parents to offspring
• Geneticists requirements and functions

  • How to replicate so that the copies could be transmitted from parent to offspring
  • How to encode information to guide the development, functioning, and behavior of the cells and organism to which they belong
  • How to change, even if only once in a great while to account for the differences that exist among individuals
• Mendel's contribution to genetics

  • Studied several genes in garden peas
  • Genes exist in different forms called alleles
  • Genes are discrete entities
  • Genes are inherited independently of each other
• Mendel's discoveries were published

  1866
• Ernst Haeckel


  • Correctly predicted that the heredity materials were located in nucleus
• Friedrich Miescher


  • Showed the material in the nucleus was a nucleic acid
• Development of the chromosomal theory

  • Led to the advent of the field of cytogenetics
• Griffith's experiments with a bacterial stain

  Established the theory that DNA was the genetic material
• DNA was determined to be the genetic material

  1920s and mid 1950s
• Transformation experiments


  Showed that DNA, not protein or RNA was the factor responsible for genetic inheritance
• Definitive proof that DNA is the genetic material


  1944
• Watson and Crick


  • Determined the structure of DNA, and others suggested that DNA contained a genetic code
• DNA structure is defined

  1953
• Mid to late 19th century

  • Saw the development of Evolution, Natural Selection, Particulate Inheritance and Nuclein
• Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace

  • Established the role of natural variation and natural selection in evolution
• Gregor Mendel


  • Father of Genetics, established the principles of particulate inheritance
• Gregor Mendel's work

  1865
• Early 20th century

  • Saw the extension of Mendelian principles and the development of the chromosomal theory of inheritance
• Mendel's work is rediscovered; the age of genetics begins

  1990
• Walter Sutton and Theodor Boveri

  • Established the Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance; the heredity material resides in chromosomes
• 1905 - 1923


  Saw the development of linkage, sex leakage, genetic mapping, number of linkage groups, lethal genes, and maternal inheritance
• Hardy - Weinberg


  • Established the principle of genetic equilibrium
• Hardy-Weinberg principle established


  1908
• Nilsson-Ehle


  • Developed the theory of quantitative traits and quantitative genetics
• Nilsson-Ehle's theory of quantitative genetics

  1990
• Kimura


  • Introduced the neutral theory of molecular evolution
• Neutral theory of molecular evolution introduced


  1968
• Mid 20th century


  Saw the establishment that DNA is the stuff of life and the preeminence of the Darwinian theory of evolution via natural selection
• Mid-late 20th century and the early 21st century

  Saw the development of molecular biology and molecular genetics
• Arpanet, the precursor to the internet, comes online


  1969
• First restriction enzyme, Hind II, is isolated


  1970