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• Inquiry


  Learning process that motivates an individual or a group to obtain knowledge
• Inquiry


  • Requires collection of data, facts, and information
  • Involves inferential, analytical, creative, appreciative thinking
• Foundation of Inquiry


  • John Dewey's Theory of connected experiences for exploratory and reflective thinking
  • Lev Vygotsky's Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) that stresses the essence of provocation and scaffolding in learning
  • Jerome Bruner's theory on learner's varied world perceptions for their own interpretative thinking
• Learning modes


  • Enactive
  • Iconic
  • Symbolic
• Benefits of Inquiry-based Learning

  • Elevates interpretative thinking
  • Improve learning abilities
  • Widens vocabulary
  • Facilitates problem-solving acts
  • Encourages cooperative learning
  • Provides mastery of procedural knowledge
  • Encourages higher-order thinking skill
  • Hastens conceptual understanding
• Research


  • Process of executing various mental acts
  • Examining facts and information to prove the accuracy or truthfulness
  • Systematic
  • Will make you engage in top-level thinking strategies
  • Interpreting, analyzing, synthesizing, criticizing, appreciating, or creating
  • Scientific, experimental, inductive manner of thinking
• Characteristics of Research


  • Accuracy - correct and accurate data
  • Objectiveness - must deal with facts, not opinions
  • Timeliness - must work on fresh topic
  • Relevance - must be instrumental in improving society
  • Clarity - must succeed in expressing its central point or discoveries by using simple, direct, concise, and correct language
  • Systematic - must be organized
• Purpose of Research


  • Teach to be independent learner
  • Work scientifically
  • Trains to be critical thinker
  • Think in HOTS
  • Improve reading and writing skills
  • Familiarize to research tools
  • To free yourself
• Types of Research (Based on Application of Research Method)

  • Pure Research - Deals with concepts, principles, abstract, Aims to discover truth
  • Applied Research - Applies to society issues, To make positive change
• Types of Research (Based on Purpose of Research)

  • Descriptive Research - Aims at defining or giving a verbal portrayal or picture of a person, etc., Liable to repeated research
  • Historical Research - Aims to study the past
  • Correlational Research - Show relationship between variables
  • Explanatory - Elaborates the reasons behind the relationship of two factor
  • Exploratory - To find out how possible it is to conduct a research on a certain topic
  • Action Research - Studies an ongoing practice of a school, organization, community, or institution
• Types of Research (Based on Types of Data Needed)

  • Qualitative data - Non-numerical and immeasurable
  • Quantitative data - Involves measurement
  • Primary data - Obtained through direct observations
  • Secondary data - Already been written
• Approaches of Research


  • Scientific/Positive Approach - Discover and measure infos, Observe and control variable
  • Naturalistic Approach - Uses qualitative data, Speak how people behave
  • Triangulation Approach - Combination of scientific and naturalistic
• Guidelines in Choosing a Research Topic

  • Interest in the subject matter
  • Availability of infos
  • Timeliness and relevance
  • Limitations
  • Personal sources
• Research Topics to be Avoided

  • Controversial Topics - Tend to be biased, Personal; abortion, same sex, religion
  • Highly technical subjects - Politics, quantum, hard sciences
  • Hard to investigate subjects - No available reading materials, Theology, history
  • Too broad subjects - Violence, educ, comp games, global warming, health
  • Too narrow subjects - Too specific
  • Vague subjects - No clear focus, Effects of global warming, Many perceptions on bullying
• Qualitative Research


  Usually subjective, Puts high value on people's thinking, Usually takes in soft sciences
• Characteristics of Qualitative Research


  • Human understanding and interpretation
  • Active, powerful, and forceful
  • Multiple research approaches and method
  • Specificity to generalization
  • Contextualization
  • Diversified data in real-life situations
  • Abounds with words and visuals
  • Internal analysis
• Types of Qualitative Research


  • Case Study - usually takes place in the field of social care, nursing, psychology, rehabilitation centers, education
  • Ethnography - understanding particular cultural group
  • Phenomenology - from sensory experience, to make people understand their experiences
  • Content and Discourse Analysis - required examination of a substance or content
  • Historical Analysis - about history
  • Grounded Theory - It takes place when you discover a new theory to underlie your study at the time of data collection and analysis
• IMRAD Format


  • Introduction - Presents purpose, Relationship to earlier works, Shouldn't be extensive
  • Methodology - Should be brief, Should include sufficient technical infos
  • Results - Include the rationale or design, Can be presented in figures, tables, and text
  • Discussion - Should be an interpretation of the result
• Presentation of Possible Research Topics

  • Research titles - Main idea, 1-15 words, To capture reader's attention
  • Research Objective - Identify the major focus of your research, Break down your research focus into research objectives
  • Research Questions - Clear and focused, Not too broad and not too narrow, Not too easy and too difficult to answer, Researchable and analytical
• Parts of a Full Manuscript Research

  • Chapter 1: The Problem & Its Background
  • Chapter 2: Review of Related Literature & Studies
  • Chapter 3: Methodology
  • Chapter 4: Presentation, Analysis, & Interpretation of Data
  • Chapter 5: Summary of Findings
• Chapter 1: The Problem & Its Background

  • Introduction - Establish interests, Establish problem, Reach out to specific audience, Where is the research taking place?, Who is to be affected by your research?, What is already known?
  • Background of the Study - Why is it necessary to conduct a study about the topic?, What problem influences the need to conduct a study about the topic?, What is the context of background of the topic?
  • Theoretical Framework - The theory that a researcher chooses to guide the research
  • Conceptual Framework - Graphical presentation of YOUR CONCEPTS or ideas on the basic structure or components of your research
  • Objectives of the Study / Statement of the Problem - Specific topical questions that you must resolve
  • Hypothesis - Tentative explanation or an answer to a question about variables
  • Significance of the Study - The writer can elaborate on the significance for researchers, practitioners, and policymakers
  • Scope and Delimitation - Delimitation - aims to narrow the scope, Limitation - identify potential weaknesses
  • Definition of Terms
• Review of Related Literature (RRL)


  • Comprehensive summary of past topics
  • Acknowledge the works of previous researchers
  • Parts: Intro, Body, Synthesis
• Purpose of RRL


  • To find out the connection of your research to the current condition or situations of the world
  • To know more about theories and concepts underlying your research
  • To discover the relation of your research with previous research study
  • To obtain information on the accuracy and relevance of your research
  • To familiarize yourself with technical terms related to your research
• Steps in Conducting Systematic Review

  • Clarifying the research questions
  • Planning the research based on your understanding of the research question
  • SEARCH for literature
  • Listing criteria for considering the values of written works
  • Evaluating the quality of previous research studies
  • Summarizing the various forms of knowledge collected
• Meta-Analysis in Quantitative Research

  • Reexamine and combine the result of two or more statistical data
  • Indicate stronger effects of the research outcome
  • Helped in guaranteeing precision of measuring method used in quantitative research
• Conceptual Framework


  • Provides an outline of the plan
  • Presented in a flowchart, map or diagram
  • Not all framework have diagram or graphical
  • Relevant researches
  • Logical basis
• Steps in Developing Conceptual Framework

  • Chooses ur topic
  • Do a rrl
  • Isolate important varibales
  • Generate concept framework
• The Language of Research

  • Jargons - Technical, used only by people belonging to the same field of specialization or exclusively used by set of persons
  • Multisyllabic words - some terms reflecting the inherent characteristics of research as a scientific method are made up of a number of syllables
  • Types & Forms of Questions - Seek to ask questions, describe relationship, give reasons, Quali - views opinions, emotions, Quanti - exact numb, %, frequency
  • Research Time Frame - Cross sectional study - One time collection of data in a span of time, Longitudinal study - Repeated collection of data over time
  • Variable Relationships - Cause of something - independent variable, Bears the effect of indep - dependent variable, Nuisance variable - extraneous variable, Unchanging variable - constant variable
  • Hypothesis Formulation - Negative Result - Null hypo (H0), Positive Result - Alternative hypo ( H1)
  • Data - Quali, Quanti
  • Definition of terms - Theoretical - Based on concepts, dictionary, Operational - Based on its application