HA LEC

• Diagnostic procedures


  An examination to identify an individual's specific areas of weakness and strength in order determine a condition, disease or illness
• Diagnostic procedures


  A method or process performed to determine whether an individual has a medical condition or behavioral health issue
• Types of diagnostic procedures

  • Invasive
  • Non-invasive
• Non-invasive


  Not entering or penetrating the body or disturbing body tissue, especially in a diagnostic procedure
• Non-invasive procedure


  When no break in the skin is created and there is no contact with the mucosa, or skin break, or internal body cavity beyond a natural or artificial body orifice
• Examples of non-invasive procedures


  • Examination of the ear-drum
  • Examination of the inside of the nose
  • Wound dressing change
• Non-invasive procedures


  • To assess body function in health and disease (physical examination and inspection), such as pulse-taking, the auscultation of heart sounds and lung sounds (using the stethoscope), temperature examination (using thermometers), respiratory examination, peripheral vascular examination, oral examination, abdominal examination, external percussion and palpation, blood pressure measurement (using the sphygmomanometer), change in body volumes (using plethysmograph), audiometry, eye examination, and many others
• Computed Tomography (CT)


  A medical imaging procedure that uses computer-processed combinations of many X-ray measurements taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional (tomographic) images (virtual "slices") of specific areas of a scanned object, allowing the user to see inside the object without cutting
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)


  A medical imaging technique used in radiology to form pictures of the anatomy and the physiological processes of the body
• MRI


  • Mostly used in radiology and nuclear medicine in order to investigate the anatomy and physiology of the body, and to detect pathologies including tumors, inflammation, neurological conditions such as stroke, disorders of muscles and joints, and abnormalities in the heart and blood vessels
• Radiography


  An imaging technique using X-rays, gamma rays, or similar ionizing radiation and non-ionizing radiation to view the internal form of an object
• Invasive


  Involving the introduction of instruments or other objects into the body or body cavities
• Invasive (medical)


  Requiring the entry of a needle, catheter, or other instrument into a part of the body, especially in a diagnostic procedure, as a biopsy
• Quarantine of cases of an infectious disease may require screening
• In an immunization programme, it might be necessary to screen out those already infected
• Screening can detect disease at a phase in its development in which there is successful treatment
• Fecalysis


  Stool analysis / Stool examination
• Defecation


  The process of expulsion of feces from the rectum
• Constipation


  Hard and dry stool
• Composition of feces


  • ¾ Water
  • ¼ Solid
  • Undigested and Unabsorbed food
  • Intestinal secretions, Mucous
  • Bile pigments and Salts
  • Bacteria and Inorganic material
  • Epithelial cells, Leukocytes
• Fecal sample collection


  • Universal Precautions
  • Stool should be collected in a dry, sterilized, wide mouthed container
  • It should be uncontaminated with urine or any other body secretions
  • Properly named and always a fresh sample should be tested
• Macroscopic examination of feces

  • Volume
  • Colour
  • Consistency
  • Odour
  • Blood
  • Mucous
  • Parts of parasite and Adult Parasite
• Variations in stool colour

  • Bright Red/ Maroon
  • Blood Streak
  • Yellow
  • Green
  • Black
  • Blue
  • Tan/Clay
  • White
  • Pale greasy
• Alcoholic stool


  Gray, pale of gray colored due to BILIARY OBSTRUCTION
• Hematochezia


  Passage of Bright Red Blood, indicating Lower GIT Bleeding
• Melena


  Black tarry stool, indicating Upper GIT Bleeding
• Steatorrhea


  Greasy, bulky, foul smelling stool, indicating hepatopancreatic obstruction disorder
• Macroscopic examination of urine

  • Volume
  • Color
  • Odor
  • Reaction or urinary pH
  • Specific gravity
  • Osmolality
• Variations in urinary volume

  • NORMAL = 600-2000 mL with night urine not in excess of 400 mL
  • POLYURIA - >2000mL/24 hrs
  • OLIGURIA - <500mL/24 hrs
  • ANURIA – complete cessation of urine (<200mL)
  • NOCTURIA – excretion of urine by adult of >500 mL with a specific gravity of <1.018 at night (characteristic of chronic glomerulonephritis)
• Causes of polyuria


  • Diabetes mellitus
  • Diabetes insipidus
  • Polycystic kidney
  • Chronic renal failure
  • Diuretics
  • Intravenous saline/glucose
• Variations in urine color

  • Colourless - dilution, diabetes mellitus, diabetes insipidus, diuretics
  • Milky -purulent genitourinary tract infection, chyluria
  • Orange – urobilinogen
  • Red - beetroot ingestion, haematuria, hemoglobinuria
  • Brown/Black- alkaptunuria, melanin
• Causes of acidic urine

  • Ketosis-diabetes, starvation, fever
  • Systemic acidosis
  • UTI by E.coli
  • Acidification therapy
  • High protein diet
• Variations in urine odor

  • NORMAL - aromatic due to the volatile fatty acids
  • AMMONICAL - bacterial action (E. coli)
  • FRUITY - ketonuria, starvation
  • MUSTY - Phenylketonuria
  • FISHY - UTI with Proteus
  • RANCID-Tyrosinemia
• Chemical examination of urine

  • Proteins
  • Sugars
  • Ketone bodies
  • Bilirubin
  • Bile salts
  • Urobilinogen
  • Blood
• Nocturia


  Increased frequency of urination at night
• Dysuria


  Painful or difficulty of urination
• Hesitancy


  Difficulty of initiating urination
• Enuresis


  Involuntary voiding
• Sodium (Na)


  Normally 125-145 mmol/l, collected in red top tube
• Causes of increased sodium

  • Diabetes insipidus
  • Excessive sweating
  • Cushing's syndrome