science

• Types of climate


  • Tropical climate
  • Dry climate
  • Temperate climate
  • Continental climate
  • Polar climate
• Tropical climate


  Climates found in places near or at the equator, with average temperatures above 18°C year-round
• Dry climate


  Very hot summers with seldom rains or precipitation, common in arid or semiarid places
• Temperate climate


  Moderate rainfall across the year, warm summers, and cool winters, common in middle latitudes
• Continental climate


  Variation of temperature year-round: hot summers, cold winters, and a small amount of rainfall, found in North America, Central Russia, and Siberia
• Polar climate


  Characterized by cool summers and very cold long winters, with a layer of permanently frozen ground called permafrost
• Westerlies


  Winds that blow from west going east in the middle latitudes (between 30 and 60°) in both northern and southern hemispheres
• Horse latitudes


  Subtropical latitudes found between 30 and 35° both north and south of the equator, with usually weak winds due to high pressure and decreasing dry air
• Trade winds


  Winds that blow from east to west near the equator
• Altitude or height above sea level


  Elevated or higher places are found to have colder temperatures than those found at the ground level
• Wladimir Peter Köppen is best known for his climate classification scheme, which divides the world's climates into five categories based on temperature, the amount of precipitation, and the times precipitation usually occurs in a year
• Weather refers to the day-to-day atmospheric conditions, which include temperature, precipitation, humidity
• Climate is the average weather condition prevailing in a given area over a long period of time
• Latitude - This is the distance from the equator.
• Prevailing winds - These refer to the wind direction a particular area or region experiences most frequently. 
• Polar easterlies (also called the polar Hadley cells) - These are dry, cold winds 
• Doldrums - These usually happen near the equator with light ocean currents and winds.
• • Yellowstone - where the world's largest hydrothermal system is found
• • Geothermal - form of energy found deep within Earth
• • Isotopes - where most of earth's internal heat comes from it's radioactive decay
• • SkyTEM - an electromagnet used by Holbrook's team
• • A generator is a device that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy
• Distance from the sea- oceans and seas heat up and cool down longer than land.
• Ash

  It is a mixture or rocks, minerals, and glass particles expelled during a volcanic eruption.
• Ash cloud

  It is formed when thick volcanic ashes are discharged into the atmosphere caused by violent explosion or eruption of the volcano.
• Secondary cone

  This is formed when lava and ashes escape from smaller vents; it is also known as a parasitic cones.
• Secondary vent

  This is an alternative smaller outlet where magma escapes to reach Earth's surface.
• Lava flow

  This is the stream of molten rock flowing out of the crater.
• Crater

  It is a bowl-shaped depression produced by volcanic activity and explosion.
• A volcano is a vent, hill, or mountain

  that erupts, releasing molten rocks, rock fragments, and gaseous materials onto Earths surface.
• Main vent

  It is where magma passes through from the magma chamber to reach Earth's surface.
• Magma chamber

  This is a large reservoir that stores molten rock (magma) prior to eruption.
• Cinder cone volcanoes are formed from pyroclastic fragments and volcanic ashes
• Composite volcanoes, also known as stratovolcanoes, are typically symmetrical cones that are steep
• Shield volcanoes are formed from non-acidic basaltic lava flows of high viscosity
• Active - These volcanoes have erupted during historical times (i.e., documented by people within the last 600 years.
• Dormant - These volcanoes are active but not erupting; however, they are expected to erupt

  anytime soon.
• Extinct - These volcanoes have not had any eruption in the past 10 000 years and are expected not to erupt anymore in the future.
• In the ending phase, after the eruption, the magma chamber is now empty, which may trigger the walls of the conduit to weaken and to collapse into a crater or a caldera.
• In the preparation phase, the magma chamber is being illed with magma. iomease in seismic activity and steam or smoke coming out from the volcano can be observed.