DRRR

• Hazard is a dangerous phenomenon, substance, human activity or condition that may cause loss of life, injury
• Risk involves uncertainty about the effects/implications of an activity
• Disaster serious disruption of the functioning of a community or widespread human, material, economic, or environmental losses and impacts which exceeds the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources.
• Natural hazard are naturally occurring physical phenomena caused either by rapid or slow onset events
• the three types of natural hazard: Biological hazard, Geological hazard, Hydrometeorological hazard.
• Man-made and technological hazards that originate from technological or industrial conditions, including accidents, dangerous procedures.
• Disaster risk management is the application of disaster risk reduction policies and strategies, to prevent new disaster risks, reduce existing disaster risks, and manage residual risks
• Mitigation actually eliminate or reduce the probability of disaster occurrence or reduce the effects of unavoidable disasters
• Preparedness programs is to achieve a satisfactory level of readiness to respond to any emergency situation through programs that strengthen the technical and managerial capacity of governments, organizations, and communities.
• Response is to provide immediate assistance to maintain life, improve health and support the morale of the affected population.
• the primary goal of Recovery is to restore, restore after a disaster. Repairing infrastructure, buildings, and utilities that were damaged or destroyed.
• Vulnerability refers to the characteristics of a person or community that increase their susceptibility to the damaging effects of a hazard.
• Exposure refers to the presence of people, property, infrastructure, or economic activity in locations that could be affected by a particular hazard. It’s about where things are in relation to the hazard.
• Volcano is a vent on the Earth’s surface that opens downward to a pool of molten rock, debris, and gasses
• Active volcanoes erupt regularly. May currently be erupting or showing signs of unrest like frequent earthquakes or gas emissions.
• Dormant volcanoes are volcanoes that have not erupted in a long time but are expected to erupt again in the future. Haven’t erupted in recent history, but scientists believe they could erupt again in the future.
• • Extinct volcanoes, one which has erupted thousands of years ago and there’s no possibility of eruption. Believed to be unlikely to erupt again.
• Volcanic hazards are phenomena arising from volcanic activity that pose potential threat to persons or property in each area within a given period.
• Lava flows are stream-like flows of incandescent molten rock erupted from a crater or fissure. When lava is degassed and/or very viscous, it tends to extrude extremely slowly, forming lava domes.
• Ashfall or tephra fall are showers of airborne fine- to coarse- grained volcanic particles that fallout from the plumes of a volcanic eruption, ashfall distribution/dispersal is dependent on prevailing wind direction.
• Pyroclastic flows are turbulent masses of ejected fragmented volcanic materials (ash and rocks), mixed with heat that flow downslope at very high speeds.
• Lahars are rapidly flowing thick mixture of volcanic sediments from the pyroclastic materials and water, usually triggered by intense rainfall triggered by intense rainfall during typhoons, monsoons and thunderstorms.
• Volcanic gases and aerosols released into the atmosphere, which include water vapor, hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen fluoride.
• Debris avalanche a massive collapse of a volcano, usually triggered by an earthquake or volcanic eruption.
• Ballistic projectiles are volcanic materials directly ejected from the volcano’s vent with force trajectory.
• Tsunami is a wave train that is generated by sudden displacement of water, could be generated during undersea eruptions or debris avalanches.
• Earthquakes are the vibrations caused by rocks breaking under stress.
• The focus of an earthquake is the point where it originated within the earth.
• The point on the earth's surface directly above the focus is called the Epicenter.
• Seismograph is used to determine the magnitude of an earthquake.
• Magnitude refers to the amount of energy released measured by the amount of ground displacement or shaking.
• Intensity is the strength of an earthquake as perceived and felt by people in a certain locality.
• Tectonic earthquakes are those generated by the sudden displacement along faults in the solid and rigid layer of the earth.
• Volcanic earthquakes are induced by rising lava of magma beneath active volcanoes are called volcanic earthquakes.
• Ground shaking is the disruptive up-down and sideways movement or motion experienced during an earthquake.
• Ground rupture is the displacement on the ground due to the movement of fault. This will be experienced by areas where faults passes through.
• Local tsunamis are confined to coasts within a hundred kilometers of the source, usually earthquakes and a landslide or a pyroclastic flow.
• Far field tsunamis can travel from 1 to 24 hours before reaching the coast of the nearby countries.
• Liquefaction is a process that transforms the behavior of a body of sediments from that of a solid to that of a liquid when subjected to extremely intense shaking.
• Earthquake-induce landslide: failures in steep or hilly slopes triggered by an earthquake. Loose thin soil covering on the slopes of steep mountains is prone to mass movement.