EOC History Study Guide

• declaration of independence


  unalienable rights - rights that cannot be taken away; belief in consent of the government; other nations recognized US as a country; inspired others to question their governments
• principles of the constitution


  limits the power of the federal government by separation of powers and checks and balances
• 1st amendment


  freedom of religion, assembly, petition, press, speech
• 5th amendment


  people accused of crimes must be read their rights (Miranda v. Arizona) eminent domain
• Alexis de Tocqueville

  democracy in america: liberty, egalitarianism, individualist, populism, and laissez-faire
• E Pluribus Unum

  "out of many, one"; colonies were different yet came together to form one
• Civic responsibilities


  voting in elections, serving on a jury, staying informed on government issues
• Gilded Age


  businesses became wealthy; corrupt government officials supported business first policies
• electricity


  made manufacturing more efficient; light bulb led to more hours of work = more production
• railroads


  provided farmers access to distant markets; allowed Americans to settle in the west; Bessemer steel provided stronger and cheaper materials to build
• monopiles


  total control of an industry by one company; laws were passed to stop and protect consumer prices
• Andrew Carnegie


  philanthropist; improved society by donating to education and the arts
• labor unions


  fought for better pay, improved working conditions, and the end of child labor; resulting in increased federal involvement
• urbanization


  rapid industrial led to people moving to cities for employment; caused sanitation problems; taller buildings were built because of cheaper steel
• political corruption


  government officials took bribes; political machines promised infrastructure and jobs in exchange for votes
• immigrants


  moved to US for better economic opportunities; some worked in factories, others farmed; forced to assimilate
• nativist


  wanted restrictions on immigration; encouraged assimilation; viewed immigrants as competition for jobs
• chinese exclusion act


  passed to prevent immigrants from taking jobs from settlers out west
• homestead act


  resulted in farmers settling the Great Plains
• Dawes Act


  intended to assimilate Native Americans into American culture; divided their tribal land into farm plots
• populist party platform


  coined silver to increase money in circulation, graduated income tax, regulated railroad shipping charges
• Upton Sinclair


  wrote The Jungle; resulted in government regulation of food products
• Jane Addams


  started the settlements house movements in the US to help assimilate immigrants
• W.E.B Debois


  founded NAACP, a civil rights group that fought for the legal rights of African Americans
• state reforms


  initiative, referendum, recall; increased participation in democracy; made elected officials accountable
• pure food and drug act


  (FDA) government policied protecting consumers; resulted from Muckrakers, like Upton Sinclair
• national park service


  created by Roosevelt to conserve land
• 19th amendment


  allowed womens sufferage, right to vote
• prohibition


  women supported, 18th amendment, prohibited sell and consumption of alcohol; hoped to decrease crime and health problems, resulted in more crime and speakeasies
• caused of spanish-american war


  Cuban revolution, sinking of USS Maine
• effects of spanish-american war


  established american as a world imperial power
• reasons for expansion


  to gain access to natural resources and overseas markets; expansion of trade
• Alfred Thayer Mahan


  advocated for overseas expansion by growing the US navy
• Hawaii


  forced annexation by the US; supported by S.B Dole; along with Guam, gave the US military presence in Pacific
• Puerto Rico


  territory gained after the spanish-american war
• Panama Canal


  US saw a need for its creation during spanish-american war; obtained land by Roosevelt's "Big Stick" policy; more efficient travel time for navy and businesses
• Big Stick policy


  (Roosevelt corollary to Monroe Doctrine) US would defend Western Hemisphere from Europe; reinforced Monroe Doctrine
• Causes of WW1


  rise of militarism, assassination of Franz Ferdinand, sinking of Lusitania
• Trench Warfare


  soldiers fought in trenches with machine guns; resulted in stalemate; tanks and poison gas used to break stalemate
• Zimmermann Telegram


  Germany tried to ally with Mexico; resulted in US withdrawing position of neutrality