EYES

• 70 % of all sensory information reaches the brain through the eyes
• CHOROID


  Maintains blood supply to the eye
• VITREOUS HUMOR


  Maintains the placement of the retina and the eyeballs spherical shape
• CORNEA


  Refracts light rays entering the eye
• PUPIL

  Permits light to enter the eyes
• LENS


  Refracts and focuses light into the retina
• RETINA

  Receives visual stimuli and transmits images to the brain for processing
• SCLERA


  Maintains the eye size and shape
• Inspect For Hair Distribution, Alignment, Skin And Quality And Movement

  • Normal
  • Deviations from normal
• Inspecting The Eyelashes

  • Normal
  • Deviation from normal
• Eyelids

  • Normal
  • Deviation from Normal
• The Snellen Chart

  The ability to discern letters or numbers at a given distance
• The Procedure

  1. Have client stand 20 ft. away from the Snellen Chart

  2. Cover up 1 eye with pad

  3. Uncovered eye will read the TOP letter (which is the letter "E") at 20 ft.

  4. Glance on the chart and on the patient making sure that he only reads with 1 eye and not with both eyes

  5. Test each eye separately, then together with and without corrective lenses (OD, OS & OU)
• Visual acuity is assessed in one eye at a time, and then in both eyes together with the client comfortably sitting or standing
• The right eye is tested with the left eye covered; then the left eye is tested with the right eye covered
• Then both eyes are tested together
• Visual acuity is measured with or without corrective lenses and the client stands at a distance of 20 feet from the chart
• The score on R eye might not be the score on L eye
• 20 / 20

  Normal acuity
• 20 / 15

  Better vision
• 20 / 200


  Legally blind
• Jaeger Test

  An eye chart used in testing NEAR VISION ACUITY
• Normal


  • 14 / 14
• Deviation from normal

  • Smaller fraction (e.g., 14/18)
  • Myopia – Nearsightedness
  • Hyperopia – Farsightedness
  • Presbyopia – Farsightedness due to aging
• Snellen E Chart


  Also known as the "Tumbling E" Eye Chart, useful to test the distance visual acuity of CHILDREN or ADULTS who cannot communicate verbally due to physical / mental disability, language barrier or other
• Ishihara Test

  • Normal
  • Deviation from normal
• Allen Card Test


  Done at a distance of 3 meter, Consist of a set of seven card with each card containing a single picture, Usually used for 2 years old child and older
• Allen Card Test

  • Normal
  • Deviation from normal
• Eyeball


  Gently palpate below eyebrow and note firmness of eyeball
• Eyeball


  • Normal
  • Excessively firm or tender globe, Indicating glaucoma
• Conjunctiva


  The mucous membrane that covers the front of the eye and lines the inside of the eyelids
• Inspecting The Bulbar Conjunctiva

  • Normal
  • Bulbar conjunctiva over globes are clear, with few underlying blood vessels and white sclera visible
• Inspecting The Palpebral Conjunctiva

  • Normal
  • Palpebral conjunctiva is smooth, glistening, pinkish-peach color,with minimal blood vessels visible
• Everting The Upper Eye Lid

  1. Place a cotton-tipped applicator approximately 1 cm above the eyelid margin and push down with the applicator while still holding the eyelashes

  2. Hold the eyelashes against the upper ridge of the bony orbit just below the eyebrow, to maintain the everted position of the eyelid

  3. Examine the palpebral conjunctiva for swelling, foreign bodies, or trauma

  4. Return the eyelid to normal by moving the lashes forward and asking the client to look up and blink
• Conjunctiva

  • Normal
  • Deviation from normal
• Common Abnormalities

  • Conjunctivitis
  • Anemia
  • Pterygium or pinguecula
  • Subconjunctival hemorrhage
  • Nevus
  • Papilloma
• Inspection & Palpation of the Lacrimal Apparatus

  • Normal
  • Deviations from normal
• Palpate the Lacrimal Apparatus

  • Normal
  • Deviations from normal
• Cornea

  • Normal
  • Deviations from normal
• Corneal Light Reflex Test

  • Normal
  • Deviations from abnormal