CHAPTER 1 UTS

• Philosophy


  The rational, abstract, and methodical consideration of reality as a whole or of fundamental dimensions of human existence and experience
• Socrates


  • An ancient Greek philosopher, one of the three greatest figures of the ancient period of Western philosophy
  • Admired by his followers for his integrity, his self-mastery, his profound philosophical insight, and his great argumentative skill
• Socrates: '"The unexamined life is not worth living"'
• Socrates: '"Virtue is the deepest and most basic propensity of man"'
• Plato


  • An ancient Greek philosopher, student of Socrates, teacher of Aristotle
  • Founder of the Academy, best known as the author of philosophical works of unparalleled influence
• Psyche


  Composed of three elements: Appetite, Spirited, and Mind
• Appetite


  Includes one's desires, pleasures, physical satisfactions, comforts, etc.
• Spirited


  Part of the psyche that is excited when given challenges, or fights back when agitated, or fights for justice when unjust practices are evident
• Mind


  The most superior of all the elements, the conscious awareness of the self, the superpower that controls the affairs of the self
• St. Augustine


  • Hailed from Tagaste, Africa in 354 BC
  • Succumbed to vices and pleasures of the world
  • Unsettled and restlessly searched for the meaning of his life until his conversion to Christianity
• St. Augustine: '"You have made us for Yourself, O Lord, and our heart is restless until it finds rest in You"'
• Rene Descartes


  • Father of Modern Philosophy
  • Claimed that we cannot really rely on our senses because our sense perceptions can often deceive us
  • Everything must be subjected to doubt
  • "Cogito, ergo Sum" - "I think therefore I am" or "I doubt therefore I exist"
• Mind and body


  Independent from each other and serve their own function
• John Locke


  • British politician and philosopher, widely regarded as one of the most influential of Enlightenment thinkers and commonly known as the "Father of Liberalism"
  • Opposed the idea that only reason is the source of knowledge of the self
  • Proposition that the "self is comparable to an empty space" where everyday experiences contribute to the pile of knowledge that is put forth on that empty space
• David Hume


  • Scottish philosopher and historian
  • Claimed that there cannot be a persisting idea of the self
  • Agreed that all ideas are derived from impressions
  • Claimed that "there is no self"
• Immanuel Kant


  • Prussian metaphysicist
  • Synthesized the rationalist view of Descartes and the empirist views of Locke and Hume
  • Proposition that the "self is always transcendental"
  • Our rationality unifies and makes sense the perceptions we have in our experiences and make sensible ideas about ourselves and the world
• Sigmund Freud


  • Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis
  • Regarded the self as the "I" that ordinarily constitute both the mental and physical actions
  • Divided the "I" into conscious and the unconscious
• Structural Model


  Represents the self in three different agencies: ID, EGO, and SUPEREGO
• ID


  The primitive or instinctive component
• EGO


  The part of the ID which has been modified by the direct influence of the external world
• SUPEREGO


  Synthesizes the morals, values and systems in the society in order to function as the control outpost of the instinctive desires of the ID
• Ego


  The "I"
• Superego


  The "above I"
• Gilbert Ryle


  • British Philosopher
  • Proposed that "the thinking I will never be found because it is just a 'ghost in the machine'"
  • "The mind is never separate from the body"
• Paul and Patricia Churchland

  • Promoted the position of "eliminative materialism" which brings forth neuroscience into the fore of understanding the self
  • Sees the failure of folk psychology in explaining basic concepts such as sleep, learning, mental illness and the like
• Maurice Merleau-Ponty


  • French Philosopher
  • Developed a kind of phenomenological rhythm that will explain the perception of the self, involving three dimensions: Empiricist Take on Perception, Idealist-Intellectual Alternative, and Synthesis of both positions
• Philosophy


  The rational, abstract, and methodical consideration of reality as a whole or of fundamental dimensions of human existence and experience
• Socrates


  • An ancient Greek philosopher, one of the three greatest figures of the ancient period of Western philosophy
  • Admired by his followers for his integrity, his self-mastery, his profound philosophical insight, and his great argumentative skill
• Socrates: '"The unexamined life is not worth living"'
• Socrates: '"Virtue is the deepest and most basic propensity of man"'
• Plato


  • An ancient Greek philosopher, student of Socrates, teacher of Aristotle
  • Founder of the Academy, best known as the author of philosophical works of unparalleled influence
• Psyche


  Composed of three elements: Appetite, Spirited, and Mind
• Appetite


  Includes one's desires, pleasures, physical satisfactions, comforts, etc.
• Spirited


  Part of the psyche that is excited when given challenges, or fights back when agitated, or fights for justice when unjust practices are evident
• Mind


  The most superior of all the elements, the conscious awareness of the self, the superpower that controls the affairs of the self
• St. Augustine


  • Hailed from Tagaste, Africa in 354 BC
  • Succumbed to vices and pleasures of the world
  • Unsettled and restlessly searched for the meaning of his life until his conversion to Christianity
• St. Augustine: '"You have made us for Yourself, O Lord, and our heart is restless until it finds rest in You"'
• Rene Descartes


  • Father of Modern Philosophy
  • Claimed that we cannot really rely on our senses because our sense perceptions can often deceive us
  • Everything must be subjected to doubt
  • "Cogito, ergo Sum" - "I think therefore I am" or "I doubt therefore I exist"
• Mind and body


  Independent from each other and serve their own function
• John Locke


  • British politician and philosopher, widely regarded as one of the most influential of Enlightenment thinkers and commonly known as the "Father of Liberalism"
  • Opposed the idea that only reason is the source of knowledge of the self
  • Proposition that the "self is comparable to an empty space" where everyday experiences contribute to the pile of knowledge that is put forth on that empty space