M3 - Biological and Cultural Evolution

• Biological and cultural evolutions - are key concepts in the study of the origins of modern humans.
• Biological evolution - refers to the changes, modifications, and variations in the genetics and inherited traits of biological populations from one generation to another

  • based on charles darwin "theory of evolution"
• Charles Darwin - He hypothesized that the evolution of species happens through the process of natural selection.

  • famous English naturalist and geologist
  • theory of evolution (homo)
• Natural selection - is the outcome of a process that affects the frequencies of traits in a particular environment. Traits that enhance survival and reproductive success increase in frequency over time.
• Principles of natural selection:

  1. Every species is made up of a variety of individuals wherein some are better adapted to their environment compared to others.
  2. Organisms produce progeny with different sets of traits that can be inherited.
  3. Organisms that have most suitable to their environment will survive and transfer these variations to their offspring in subsequent generations.
• Cultural evolution or sociocultural evolution - refers to the changes or development in cultures from a simple form to a more complex form of human culture.

  • result of human adaptation to different factors like climatic changes and population increase
• sociocultural evolution - this process explains why human societies change through time.
• Level of Development

  • Hunting and Gathering Societies
  • Horticultural and Pastoral Societies
  • Agricultural Societies
  • Industrial Societies
  • Post Industrial Societies
• A civilization develops because of a society’s highly advanced level of culture, social organization, political developments, the judicial system, arts, and another form of culture at a particular time
• Four Major Civilizations

  • The Sumerian civilization that developed along Tigris and Euphrates River in West Asia
  • Indus Valley civilization that started along the Indus River Valley in India
  • Shang civilization of China that developed near the Huang Hi/ Huang He River
  • Egyptian civilization that started along the Nile River
• HORTICULTURAL & PASTORAL SOCIETIES

  A) small scale farming

  B) surplus

  C) semi sedintary

  D) small scale trading

  
• Hunting and Gathering Societies - The oldest and most basic way of economic subsistence is hunting and gathering.
• Hunting and Gathering Societies

  A) stone and wood

  B) nomadic

  
• Horticultural societies and Pastoral Societies - are described as semisedentary societies because they do not frequently move as opposed to hunting and gathering societies.

  • barter system
• what society is considered as animal herders?

  Pastoral Societies
• Agricultural societies - started to cultivate wheat, barley, peas, rice, and millet.

  • money
• Agricultural Societies

  A) farming

  B) permanently

  C) money

  
• Industrial societies - new sources of energy were harnessed, advanced forms of technology were applied, and types of machinery were invented. These changes led to the industrialization of the transformation of agricultural society into production and manufacturing.
• Post Industrial Societies - development of information technology and computers, many societies transformed into postindustrial societies.
• The Post-Industrial Revolution - is an important development from the Industrial Revolution as economic production focused on the use and application of new information technology rather than factories.
• Industrial Societies

  A) concentration

  B) 18th

  
• Post Industrial Societies

  A) computer

  B) megalopolis