LD Exam 3

• Key features of language in adulthood

  Form

  Syntax, morphology, phonology

  
  

  Content

  Semantics

  
  

  Use

  Pragmatics
• Similarities and differences in child and adult language
• Nervous System

  Brain Spinal, Cord, Nerves, Sense Organs
• Central nervous system

  Brain and spinal cord
• Peripheral nervous system


  Gross motor and sensory neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body.
• Trigeminal (V)


  A mixed nerve with both sensory and motor functions for the jaw and tongue for speech and chewing.
• Facial (VII)


  A mixed nerve for sensation of taste and motor control of the facial muscles important in facial expression, such as smiling, tearing, and salivation.
• Glossopharyngeal (IX)

  A mixed nerve with sensory input from the tongue for taste and motor control of the pharynx for salivation and swallowing.
• Vagus (X)


  A mixed nerve serving the heart, lungs, and digestive system.
• Accessory (XI)


  A motor nerve controlling muscles of the pharynx, soft palate, head, and shoulders.
• Hypoglossal (XII)


  A motor nerve controlling the muscles of tongue movement.
• Types of Strokes

  Ischemic

  
  

  Hemorrhagic
• Most common type of stroke

  Ischemic
• Ischemic

  Blood flow is inhibited because of an occlusion in the artery
• Thrombosis


  Caused by a clot mainly in the artery that blocks blood flow.

  
  

  Common cause: Buildup of plaque
• Embolism

  Caused by a blood clot somewhere else in the body that travels via bloodstream into the brain.
• Hemorrhagic


  Blood vessel or artery ruptures and blood enters the brain
• Uncontrollable

  CVA risk factorsFamily, age, gender, racial/ethnic backgrounds
• Controllable CVA risk factors


  
  

  Tobacco smoking, hypertension, alcohol use, diabetes
• Aphasia


  Neurological injury to the language-dominant hemisphere.
• Aphasia may affect


  receptive or expressive abilities in written and spoken language
• Fluent Aphasia


  Receptive language is impaired.

  
  

  Poor comprehension; may lack meaningful content.
• Non-Fluent Aphasia


  Expressive language is impaired.

  
  

  Good comprehension; difficulty finding words
• One person may not fit


  into a single type of aphasia type.
• Aphasia is NOT

  Developmental Disorder

  
  

  Intellectual Impairment

  
  

  Motor Speech Disorder

  
  

  Psychiatric Problem
• How is Aphasia Classified?

  Site of Lesion

  
  

  Behavioral Symptoms
• Behavioral Symptoms

  Fluency

  Motor Output

  Comprehension

  Repetition

  Naming, word retrieval

  Reading and Writing
• Fluency

  Forward flow of phrasing, intonation, rate
• Non-Fluent Characteristics


  Short, choppy phases

  
  

  Slow, labored production of speech

  
  

  Grammatical areas

  
  

  Telegraphic qualities
• Motor Output

  After aphasia: seriously compromised

  
  

  Dysarthria/Apraxia
• Dysarthria/Apraxia


  Co-occurring aphasia and motor speech disorder
• Language Comprehension

  Ability to understand spoken language.

  
  

  Most experience some sort of comprehension deficits.
• Repetition


  The ability to repeat verbal stimuli.

  
  

  Diagnostic

  Repetition is seriously compromised for those who have aphasia.
• Naming

  Word retrieval

  The ability to retrieve and produce a targeted word during conversation or specific task.
• Reading and Writing


  Parallel to verbal language deficits

  
  

  Unlikely to be unimpaired.
• Anomia


  Difficulty finding words
• Neologisms


  Made up words
• Paraphasia 2 Types

  Phonetic/Literal

  
  

  Semantic
• Phonetic/Literal


  Saying something that is phonetically similar but not what you wanted to say.
• Semantic


  Substituting one word for another that is similar in meaning