educ 103 2nd exam

• Knowledge

  Received and processed through the senses
• Learning modalities


  • Hearing
  • Vision
  • Touch
  • Taste
  • Smell
• Hearing and vision are receptors of knowledge and not expressers of knowledge
• Knowledge should be integrated between old and new facts to maintain structural equilibration
• What

  Knowledge structure
• How

  Process of knowledge representation and its manipulation
• Episodic knowledge


  Biographical memory reflecting not only what happened but also where and when it happened
• Semantic knowledge


  Memories and information that are not tied to our personal biography, deals with generalizations, concepts, facts, and their associations
• Types of semantic knowledge

  • Declarative
  • Procedural
  • Conditional
  • Strategic
• Declarative knowledge


  Deals with the statement of truth, refers to what we know about the world
• Procedural knowledge

  Knowledge about how things are done, contains action and manipulation that are valid within specific knowledge domains
• Conditional knowledge


  Accounts for knowing "when", knowing the appropriate time and condition in which certain information is to be used
• Strategic knowledge


  Helps us organize our problem-solving processes by specifying the stages followed in order arrive at solution
• Rational

  Reasonable and sensible
• Empirical

  Based on observation and experiment
• Pragmatic


  Concerned with practical results
• Facts

  Things that are known to be true, specific bits of information that relate to a specific events person, objects or situation
• Data

  Things gathered through the process of research, meaningless until interpreted
• Information

  Definite knowledge, does not become knowledge unless we think critically about it
• Idea

  Suggestion, impressions or opinions, part of our own thoughts or imagination
• Hitchhikes


  Ideas that are triggered by suggestion
• Wisdom


  Gained through experience, wise decision formed from great knowledge and experience
• Concept


  Basic units of thinking, general, abstract ideas of things, events, and qualities that share common characteristics
• Accuracy is an important aspect of organizing and categorizing information because a single can be connected to another concept
• Concepts help us improve our ability to form, apply, define, and relate concepts
• Properties of concepts


  • Common qualities that all examples of concepts share in common
• Signs of concepts


  • Words or symbols that name a concept
• Referents of concepts


  • Examples of concepts
• Simple concepts


  Plain and straightforward
• Types of complex concepts

  • Conjunctive
  • Disjunctive
• Conjunctive concepts


  Refers to the presence of two or more qualities at the same time
• Disjunctive concepts


  Refers to the existence of one of two common qualities or both
• Types of concepts


  • Concrete
  • Defined
• Concrete concepts


  Those which physical characteristics permit us to classify objects
• Defined concepts


  Those that are treated beyond their physical characteristics in their definition
• Concepts


  Mental representations to denote a set of entities (single separate object)
• Categories


  Divisions of concepts
• Types of categories


  • Natural
  • Artifact
  • Nominal
• Natural categories


  Natural groupings that occur in a natural setting
• Artifact categories


  Man-made categories