H.A skills (finals)

• • MOUTH – RESPONSIBLE FOR CHEWING, SALIVATION ANDSWALLOWING.
• PHARYNX – ALLOWS PASSAGE OF FOOD FROM THE MOUTH TO THEESOPHAGUS
• • EPIGLOTTIS- CLOSES OVER LARYNX WHEN FOOD IS SWALLOWED TOPREVENT ASPIRATION INTO THE AIRWAY
• STOMACH- SERVES AS RESERVOIR FOR FOOD AND SECRETES GASTRICJUICES THAT AID IN DIGESTION.
• • SMALL INTESTINES – CONSISTS OF DUODENUM, JEJUNUM ANDILEUM. ABSORBS END PRODUCTS OF DIGESTION INTO THEBLOODSTREAM AND DIGEST CARBOHYDRATES FATS AND PROTEINS.
• LARGE INTESTINES – CONSISTS OF THE CECUM, LARGE AND SIGMOIDCOLONS, RECTUM, ANUS. RESPONSIBLE FOR ABSORBING EXCESSWATER AND ELECTROLYTES, STORIN FOOD RESIDUE ANDELIMINATING WASTE PRODUCTS
• LIVER – METABOLIZES CARBOHYDRATES, FATS AND PROTEINS. DETOXIFIESTHE BLOOD. CONVERTS AMMONIA TO UREA AND SYNTHESIZES PROTEINSAND ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS
• GALLBLADDER – STORES BILE FROM THE LIVER UNTIL IT IS EMPTIED INTOTHE DUODENUM.
• PANCREAS – RELEASE INSULIN AND GLYCOGEN INTO THE BLOODSTREAM.SECRETES PANCREATIC ENZYMES THAT AID DIGESTION.
• BILE DUCT – SERVES AS PASSAGEWAY FOR THE BILE FROM THE LIVER TOTHE INTESTINES.
• • ABDOMINAL AORTA – SUPPLIES BLOOD TO THE GI TRACT.
• NAUSEA AND VOMITING – CAUSED BY EXISTING ILLNESS OR BY ACERTAIN MEDICATION.
• DYSPHAGIA – DIFFICULTY SWALLOWING
• CULLEN’S SIGN – BLUISH UMBILICUS
• • TURNER’S SIGN – BRUISING ON THE FLANK.
• • CONSTIPATION – HYPERACTIVE BOWEL SOUNDS
• •DIARRHEA – OCCUR WITH CRAMPING AND ABDOMINAL TENDERNESS
• ABDOMINAL DISTENTION – MAY OCCUR WITH GAS, TUMOR ORCOLON FILLED WITH FECES.
• ABNORMAL BOWEL SOUNDS – MAY BE HYPERACTIVE INDICATINGINCREASED INTESTINAL MOTILITY OR HYPOACTIVE
• FRICTION RUBS – MAY INDICATE SPLENIC INFARCTION OR HEPATICTUMOR.
• ABDOMINAL PAIN – MAY RESULT FROM ULCERS, INTESTINALOBSTRUCTION, APPENDICITIS, CHLOLECYSTITIS, PERITONITIS ANDOTHER INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS.
• ..

  
• KIDNEYS – FORM URINE, MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASIS, CONTAINS NEPHRONS (100 MILLION
• URETERS – CARRY URINE FROM THE KIDNEYS TO THE BLADDER
• BLADDER – CONTAINER FOR URINE COLLECTION
• URETHRA – CARRIES URINE FROM THE BLADDER TO OUTSIDE OFTHE BODY.
• VAGINA – ORGAN FOR COPULATION. ROUTE OF PASSAGE OF CHILDAND MENSTRUATION
• UTERUS – THE WOMB.
• OVARIES - RELEASES OVA AND HORMONES ESTROGEN ANDPROGESTERONE.
• FALLOPIAN TUBES – SITE FOR FERTILIZATION
• MALE:

  • URINARY STRUCTURES: SIMILAR TO THE FEMALE.

  • PENIS

  • URETHRAL MEATUS

  • PREPUCE OR FORESKIN

  • SCROTUM

  • TESTIS

  • EPIDIDYMIS

  • VAS DEFERENS

  • SEMINAL VESICLES

  • PROSTATE GLANDS
• • FOR MALES:

  1. LET THE CLIENT STAND OR ASSUME HORIZONTAL RECUMBENT.

  2. INSPECT THE PENIS OR SCROTUM FOR ULCERS, NODLUES, SCARS

  AND INFLAMMATIONS. DETERMINE WHETHER BOTH TESTICLES ARE

  DESCENDED ( FOR CHILDREN). INSPECT FOR PUBIC HAIR.

  3. PALPATE THE SHAFT OF THE PENIS FOR TENDERNESS, SWELLING,

  NOTE FOR THE PRESENCE OF DISCHARGES.

  • 4. INSPECT AND PALPATE INGUINAL AREA FOR BULGE AND

  TENDERNESS
• FOR FEMALE:

  1. LET THE PATIENT ASSUME LITHOTOMY POSITION.

  2. INSPECT MONS PUBIS, LABIA AND PERINEUM FOR INFLAMMATION,

  ULCERATION, DISCHARGES AND NODLUES AND SWELLING.

  3. WITH GLOVED HANDS PALPATE LESIONS AND NODULES AND WITH

  GENTLE PRESSURE NOTE THE PRESENCE OF TENDERNESS AND PAIN.

  4. WITH THE SPECULUM: EXAMINE THE CERVIX.
• EXAMINATION FOR ANUS AND RECTUM:

  1. LET PATIENT ASSUME SIM’S, KNEE POSITION OR LITHOTOMY

  POSITION.

  2. INSPECT FOR THE BUTTOCKS AND PERENIAL AREA FOR RASHED,

  LESIONS, HEMORRHOIDS AND INFLAMMATION AND

  EXCORIATIONS.

  3. WITH A LUBRICATED GLOVED HAND INSERT IT ITNO THE ANAL

  CANAL WHILE CLIENT BEARS DOWN AND PALPATE FORN TENDER

  AREAS SWELLING AND MASSES.
• POLYURIA – EXCESSIVE URINATION
• •HEMATURIA – BLOOD IN THE URINE
• •NOCTURIA – EXCESSIVE URINATION AT NIGHT.
• •URINARY INCONTINENCE – INVOLUNTARY RELEASE OF URINE.
• DYSURIA – PAINFUL URINATION
• GENITAL LESIONS – MAY INDICATE SEXUALLY TRANSMITTEDINFECTION.