Chemistry and Chemical Safety

• Atom


  Smallest chemical component of an element
• Subatomic particles


  • Electron (with - charge)
  • Neutron (with no charge)
  • Proton (with + charge)
• Matter


  Any substance that occupies space and has mass
• Element


  Simplest form of chemical matter, cannot be broken into a simpler substance
• Alkalis


  Also known as bases, react with acids to form salts
• Miscible


  • Can be mixed and form stable solutions
• Incompatible


  • Shouldn't be mixed/stored near each other
• Immiscible


  • Can't be mixed to form stable solutions
• Emulsion


  Unstable mixture of two or more immiscible substances with a special ingredient (emulsifier)
• Pure substance


  Combination of two or more atoms in fixed proportions, e.g. salt
• Solution


  A stable uniform mixture of two or more miscible substances
• Overexposure


  Repeated, or long term exposure that can cause sensitivity
• pH scale


  Measure of the acidity and alkalinity of a solution
• Surfactants


  Substances that allow oil and water to emulsify
• Suspensions

  Unstable mixtures of undissolved particles in a liquid
• Anion


  Negatively charged ion
• Cation


  Positively charged ion
• Volatile organic compounds


  Compounds that evaporate easily, contain carbon
• Ammonia


  Used to raise the pH (make more alkaline)
• pH


  Potential Hydrogen, average pH of skin is 5
• Oxidation


  Gain of oxygen, loss of hydrogen
• Reduction


  Loss of oxygen, gain of hydrogen
• Redox


  When oxidation and reduction happen together
• SDS


  16 categories called Safety Data Sheets
• Salt is a pure substance
• Cold cream is an example of a water in oil emulsion
• Endothermic


  Needs heat to happen
• Exothermic


  Creates heat
• Acidic solutions feel tighter
• Alcohol and Oils don't have a pH as they don't contain water
• Sds sheets are used in emergencies
• Most common base control for perms- half off base
• Leave stuff in barbicide for only 10 minutes -63 ml per litre