MIDTERMSSS

• first antibiotic available for clinical use

  Penicillin
• acid stable penicillins are well absorbed?

  orally
• Pen g, Methicillin and Ticarcillin are what?

  acid labile
• allows entry of penicillin to blood-brain barrier, placenta and mammary barriers

  inflammation
• penicillin is excreted through what?

  renal mechanism
• Tubular secretion is inhibited by a competitor (weak acid) substance such as what?

  probenecid
• Some are metabolized by the liver to penicilloic acid derivatives, which may act as


  antigenic determinants in penicillin hypersensitivity
• most susceptible to this drug to allergic reactions are hamsters and guinea pigs

  penicillin
• CNS toxicity occurs with __ administered penicillin G

  intrathechally
• Nephro-toxicity have been reported with the use of what in human

  methiciliin
• Penicillins are contraindicated in what species of animals

  herbivores
• of penicillin should not be used in birds, snakes, turtles, guinea pigs, or chinchillas because these species are sensitive

  procaine salts
• should not be used in race horses 30 days before racing

  procaine pen G
• may result from IV administration of potassium penicillin in all species

  hyperkalemia and arrythmias
• PCN + what reduces efficacy of PCN

  Chloramphenicol and Tetracycline
• these drugs can displace PCN at plasma binding sites

  Aspirin and sulfonamides
• True or false. Presence of food at the GIT decreased absorption of PCN

  TRUE
• Cephalosporin also contain beta lactam ring. True or false

  True
• first alternative to Penicillins for treating infections caused by Gram-positive aerobes


  1st gen cephalosporins
• Frequently employed for antibiotic prophylaxis and treatment of bone and soft tissue infection due to their good penetration to this organs

  1st gen cephalosporins
• 2nd gen cephalosporin's spectrum includes strains of

  Klebsiella, proteus providencia and enterobacter
• these bacteria are resistant to 2nd gen cephalosporins

  enterobacter, pseudomonas, Actinobacter
• this drug are resistant to beta lactamase

  3rd gen cephalosporins
• 3rd gen cepha has Wide activity against Gram-negative bacteria including


  pseudomonas, actinobacter, enterobacter and citrobacter
• 3rd gen cepha are Able to penetrate blood-brain barrier and are indicated in gram (-) meningitis true or false


  true
• used in the respiratory diseases in cattle

  ceftiofur
• have more activity against bacteria, particularly Pseudomonas, showing resistance to other cephalosporins

  4th gen cephalosporins
• Cephalexin and cefadroxil well absorbed

  orally
• 4 drugs that are able to penetrate into the CSF in sufficient concentration to treat meningitis

  cefuroxime, moxalactam, cefotaxime,ceftizoxime
• Useful against Clostridium perfringens infections in pigs and poultry

  bacitracin
• used in topical ointments and solutions and is frequently combined with polymixin B and/or neomycin in these preparations

  bacitracin
• added to swine and poultry rations for the prevention and treatment of clostridial enteritis and as a growth promotant

  bacitracin
• Toxicity may also occur when large amount of this drug is absorbed from extensive burn wound.

  bacitracin
• •fermentation product of Streptomyces orientalis.

  vancomycin
• high molecular weight glycopeptide

  VANCOMYCIN
• not recommended for use in animals as it is reserved for use in selected human infections that have been resistant to most antibiotics

  vancomycin
• polypeptide antibiotic isolated from soil bacteria Bacillus polymyxa


  polymyxins
• produce a detergent-like effect and membrane disruption

  polymyxins
• They may be combined with bacteriostatic drugs since their action does not require rapid multiplication of bacteria

  polymyxins
• action of polymyxin is inhibited by

  calcium magnesium pus