G10 CHEMISTRY

• four elements make up about 96% of living matter are carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen
• Biochemistry studies the chemical reactions that occurs in living organisms
• A molecule/ Monomer?

  • A group of two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds.
• A macromolecule/Polymer?

  • A long molecule made of monomers bonded together to form a polymer
• Macromolecules are formed by polymerization, in which large polymers are built by joining small subunits called monomers together.
• Carbohydrates

  • are one of the main dietary components
  • supplies energy
  • plays a vital part of the digestive process, and of the metabolism and oxidation protein and fats.
  • rimarily in a Ring shape (but not always)
• • Glucose is the principal sugar the body makes from carbohydrates and in some cases from fat and protein.
  • Blood sugar
• • Fructose is a white solid that dissolves in water and sweetest of all natural carbohydrates
  • Fruit sugar
• Sucrose

  • TABLE SUGAR”
  • Any food that has added sugar
• Lactose

  • Foods made with milk,
• Maltose

  • Malt sugar
  • present in foods in which starch is broken down or  foods fermented by yeast or enzymes.
• Glycogen

  • Used for energy storage in animals
• Cellulose

  • Provides structural support in plants (found in the cell wall)
• Chitin

  • Found in exoskeletens of arthropods (insects, spiders)
• simple sugars turn orange in the presence of Benedict’s solution
• starches turn deep purple in the presence of iodine, or Lugol’s solution
• Lipids store energy, insulates your body, and make up the cell membrane.
• Lipids elements are C-H-O and

  • Monomer (Building blocks): glycerol & 3 fatty acids
  • Polymer: Phospholipids, triglycerides
• • Lipids are Hydrophobic (water fearing) and do not dissolve in water!
• • Saturated: The bonds between all the carbons are single bonds.
  • Solid at room temperature
  • Mainly animal fats (bacon grease, lard)
• • Unsaturated: There is at least one double or triple bond between carbons present.
  • Liquid at room temperature
  • Mainly plant based fats (olive oil, peanut oil) as well as oily fish (Tuna, Sardines) 
• Proteins

  • “body building food” or “grow foods”
  • Contains the elements of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen.
• Animal Protein -  “higher-quality proteins” they contain adequate amounts of all essential amino acids.
• Plant Protein – “lower-quality proteins” since they have a low content of essential amino acids.
• Proteins

  • Elements: C-H-O-N
  • Monomer (Building Block): amino acids (20 different ones!)
  • Polymer:  proteins 
• Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions (to change one set of chemicals to another) by lowering their activation energy.

  • They're specific, work at an optimal pH and temp, and reusable
• Proteins are the most diverse macromolecules
• • When groups of amino acids are joined together a protein is formed
  • There are 20 kinds of amino acids
• Biuret’s solution turns from blue to light purple in the presence of protein
• • The primary structure of the protein is the number and sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain.
• • POLYPEPTIDE BACKBONE is referred to as the secondary structure of the protein.
•   

  DNA - Double strand, Deoxyribose sugar that is located in Nucleus
• RNA - Single strand, Ribose sugar and located in Cytoplasm
• NUCLEIC ACIDS are the most important macromolecules for the continuity of life.
• Nucleic acids

  • Provide our genetic information
  • Monomer/Building blocks : nucleotides
  • A nucleotide is made up of:
  • Sugar
  • Phosphate
  • Nitrogen Base: A, T, G, C, or U
  • Holds the instructions to make proteins.
• • nucleotides are made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
• The key biological role of RNA is as a messenger. DNA is the genetic material found in all living organisms. It is the “BLUE PRINT”
• The pentose sugar in DNA is DEOXYRIBOSE sugar, and in RNA, the sugar is RIBOSE sugar
• It composes of Phosphate bonded with 4 oxygens.
• 3 bonds NUCLEIC ACID

  HYDROGEN BOND - nitrogenous bases

  GLYCOSIDIC BOND - pentose sugar to nitrogenous bases

  PHOSPHODIESTER BOND - pentose sugar and phosphate group